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1 third-party key
- ключ, полученный от третьей стороны
ключ, полученный от третьей стороны
Например, из центра распределения ключей.
[ http://www.rfcmd.ru/glossword/1.8/index.php?a=index&d=4737]Тематики
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > third-party key
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2 third party key
Безопасность: ключ третьей стороны (напр. центра распределения ключей) -
3 third-party key
ключ третьей стороны (напр. центра распределения ключей)Англо-русский словарь по компьютерной безопасности > third-party key
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4 key exchange via third party
ключевой обмен с участием третьей стороны
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[[http://www.rfcmd.ru/glossword/1.8/index.php?a=index&d=23]]Тематики
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > key exchange via third party
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5 key exchange via a third party
Безопасность: ключевой обмен с участием третьей стороныУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > key exchange via a third party
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6 key exchange via a third-party
Англо-русский словарь по компьютерной безопасности > key exchange via a third-party
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7 key
1) (криптографический) ключ2) ключ к замку или запирающему устройству, механический ключ- base key- candidate key- card key- code key- data key- DES key- fake key- file key- good key- hex key- host key- link key- lost key- node key- numeric key- numerical key- pass key- PRN key- safe key- seed key- test key- true key- used key- user key- weak key- work key- zone key -
8 key-escrow
COMPUTING système m du tiers de confiance (selon lequel l'utilisateur confie sa clé privée de cryptage à un tiers de confiance agréé)Under key-escrow, your private key would be held in trust by a third party, and if you came under suspicion it would be made available to the authorities... Where can we find a suitably trustworthy third party, anyway? In some countries where key-escrow has been mooted, the banking institutions have been seen as the logical TTP. People trust them with their money, so why not with a crypto key?
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9 insurance
[ɪnˈʃuərəns]accept an insurance policy получать страховой полис accident insurance contribution взнос на страхование от несчастного случая accountants' indemnity insurance страхование для компенсации убытков бухгалтерии additional expense insurance страхование дополнительных расходов agricultural insurance сельскохозяйственное страхование air transport insurance страхование воздушных перевозок aircraft hull insurance страхование самолета aircraft hull insurance страхование фюзеляжа воздушного судна aircraft passenger insurance страхование авиапассажиров all risks insurance страхование на все случаи жизни all risks insurance страхование от всех рисков all-in insurance страхование на все случаи жизни all-risks insurance полное страхование all-risks insurance страхование от любого риска annual insurance годовая страховка annuity insurance страхование ренты art property and jewellery insurance страхование предметов искусства и драгоценностей automobile insurance страхование автомобиля automobile third party liability insurance страхование ответственности владельца автомобиля перед третьими лицами aviation insurance авиационное страхование bicycle theft insurance страхование от кражи велосипеда blanket insurance блок-страхование business closure insurance страхование компании на случай прекращения деятельности business interruption insurance страхование компании от убытков в случае остановки производства cancel an insurance аннулировать страхование cancellation insurance страхование от аннулирования capital deposit insurance страхование депозитов капитала captive insurance company дочерняя страховая компания car insurance страхование автомобиля cargo insurance страхование грузов cargo insurance страхование морских грузов cash messenger insurance страхование инкассатора casualty insurance страхование от несчастных случаев child's deferred insurance отсроченное страхование детей child's insurance детское страхование coin machine insurance страхование монетного автомата collective accident insurance коллективное страхование от несчастного случая collective insurance коллективное страхование collision insurance страхование на случай столкновения combined insurance комбинированная страховка combined shop insurance смешанное страхование магазинов commercial insurance торговое страхование commercial liability insurance страхование коммерческой ответственности compensation insurance страхование компенсации comprehensive building insurance страхование нескольких строений по одному договору comprehensive insurance комбинированное страхование comprehensive insurance полная страховка comprehensive insurance страхование нескольких видов имущества по одному договору compulsory industrial injuries insurance страх. обязательное страхование от производственных травм compulsory insurance страх. обязательное страхование compulsory insurance страх. принудительное страхование compulsory old-age insurance обязательное страхование по старости compulsory third party insurance обязательное страхование третьей стороны computer crime insurance страхование от использования вычислительной машины в преступных целях consequential loss insurance страхование от косвенного ущерба consumer insurance страховка потребителя container insurance контейнерная страховка contractor's all risks insurance комбинированное страхование подрядчика contractor's all risks insurance страхование подрядчика от всех рисков contributory insurance страхование с частичными взносами cost and insurance (C and I) стоимость и страхование credit insurance страхование кредитов credit insurance страхование от неуплаты долга credit insurance scheme порядок страхования кредитов credit insurance system система страхования кредитов cremation expenses insurance страхование расходов на кремацию crop hail insurance страхование сельскохозяйственных культур от повреждения градом crop insurance страхование урожая current insurance действующий договор страхования deferred insurance отсроченное страхование deposit insurance депозитная страховка deposit insurance страхование депозитов deposit insurance fund фонд страхования депозитов difference-in-conditions insurance страхование с разницей в условиях direct insurance прямое страхование disability insurance страхование по нетрудоспособности disability insurance страховка по нетрудоспособности double insurance двойное страхование earthquake insurance страхование от землетрясения employer's liability insurance страхование ответственности работодателя employment pension insurance пенсионное страхование трудящихся engineering insurance страхование производственного оборудования environmental liability insurance страхование по обязательствам, связанным с экологией erection insurance страхование строительства exchange risk insurance страхование от валютного риска exhibition risks insurance страхование от рисков, связанных с демонстрацией товаров export credit insurance страхование кредита на экспорт export credit insurance страхование экспортного кредита family income insurance страхование дохода семьи fidelity insurance страхование от финансовых потерь, связанных со злоупотреблениями служащих компании fire insurance страхование от огня fire insurance страхование от пожара fire recourse insurance страхование от повторных пожаров first loss insurance страхование от первых убытков first loss insurance страхование по первому риску first party insurance страхование первой стороны fixed date insurance страхование жизни на определенный срок fixed-term insurance страхование жизни на определенный срок flight insurance страхование воздушной перевозки flood insurance страхование от наводнения foreign exchange insurance страхование в иностранной валюте forest fire insurance страхование от лесных пожаров freight insurance страхование груза freight insurance страхование перевозки грузов frost damage insurance страхование ущерба от заморозка frost insurance страхование от заморозков full value insurance страхование в полную стоимость full value insurance страхование на полную сумму fully comprehensive insurance полное страхование fully comprehensive insurance страхование всех видов по одному договору funeral expenses insurance страхование затрат на похороны general insurance общее страхование general liability insurance страхование гражданской ответственности goods insurance страхование товаров graduated life insurance дифференцированное страхование жизни group health insurance коллективное медицинское страхование group insurance групповое страхование group insurance коллективное страхование group life insurance групповое страхование жизни guarantee insurance гарантийное страхование hailstorm insurance страх. страхование от убытков, причиненных градом health insurance страхование здоровья health insurance страх. страхование от болезней health insurance card карточка страхования здоровья; страховой полис health insurance fund страх. фонд страхования здоровья health insurance society страх. общество страхования здоровья home-foreign insurance страх. страхование по переписке household comprehensive insurance страх. страхование нескольких видов домашнего имущества по одному договору household furniture insurance страх. страхование предметов домашнего обихода houseowner's comprehensive insurance страх. комбинированное страхование домовладения hull insurance страхование корпуса судна, каско hull insurance мор.страх. страхование корпуса судна hunting liability insurance страх. страхование гражданской ответственности на охоте import credit insurance страхование кредита для импорта import protection insurance страхование охраны импорта товаров indemnity insurance страховая гарантия indexed new-value insurance страхование, учитывающее изменение стоимости застрахованного объекта indirect insurance непрямое страхование industrial accident insurance страхование от несчастных случаев на производстве industrial injuries insurance страхование от производственного травматизма industrial insurance промышленное страхование industrial life insurance индустриальное страхование жизни inland transport insurance страхование перевозок внутри страны insurance страхование insurance страховая премия insurance страховой полис insurance сумма страхования insurance against treatment insury страхование на случай неудачного лечения insurance company share акция страховой компании insurance contract act закон о договоре страхования insurance for less than a year страхование на срок менее года insurance in force действующий договор страхования insurance of buildings страхование зданий insurance of cargo страхование груза insurance of contents страхование домашнего имущества insurance of daily benefits страхование дневного содержания insurance of fixed sums страхование фиксированных сумм insurance of fluorescent tubes страхование флуоресцентных ламп insurance of goods страхование товара insurance of goods and chattels страхование личного движимого имущества insurance of growing crops страхование выращиваемого урожая insurance of industrial risks страхование от промышленных рисков insurance of low tension installation страхование установки низкого напряжения insurance of medical expenses страхование медицинских расходов insurance of movable property страхование движимой собственности insurance of persons индивидуальное страхование insurance of persons личное страхование insurance of securities in transit страхование ценных бумаг при перевозке insurance of shell of building страхование облицовки здания insurance of stocks страхование складов insurance of valuables страхование драгоценностей insurance of valuables страхование ювелирных изделий interpretation difference insurance страхование от различий в толковании invalidity insurance страхование на случай инвалидности jewellery insurance страхование драгоценностей jewellery insurance страхование ювелирных изделий key insurance страх. страхование от всех рисков kidnap insurance страх. страхование от похищения ребенка legal expenses insurance страхование судебных издержек liability insurance страхование гражданской ответственности life insurance страхование жизни life insurance company компания по страхованию жизни life insurance policy полис страхования жизни policy: life insurance insurance полис страхования жизни life insurance sum сумма страхования жизни livestock insurance страхование домашнего скота livestock insurance страхование животных long-term insurance долгосрочное страхование loss insurance страхователь от убытков low tension insurance страхование от низкого напряжения в сети luggage insurance страхование багажа machinery breakdown insurance страхование на случай поломки оборудования machinery insurance страхование оборудования mandatory insurance обязательное страхование marine hull insurance страхование корпуса судна marine insurance морское страхование maternity insurance страхование женщин на случай родов maternity insurance страхование по материнству medical expenses insurance страхование медицинских расходов medical insurance медицинское страхование mortgage guarantee insurance гарантийное страхование ипотечной задолженности mortgage insurance страхование ипотечной задолженности motor cycle insurance страхование мотоциклов motor insurance автомобильное страхование motor insurance страхование автомобилей motor third party liability insurance страхование автотранспортных средств от ответственности в отношении третих лиц motor vehicle insurance страхование автомобиля motorcar insurance страхование автомобильного транспорта motorcar insurance страхование легковых автомобилей multiple insurance многократное страхование musical instruments insurance страхование музыкальных инструментов mutual insurance взаимное страхование national health insurance государственное страхование от болезней national insurance государственное страхование National Insurance Act Закон о государственном страховании (Великобритания) national old age invalidity and unemployment pension insurance национальное страхование по старости инвалидности и безработице national pension insurance национальное пенсионное страхование national sickness insurance benefit payments выплаты национального страхового пособия по безработице new insurance дополнительное страхование no-fault insurance страхование безаварийной работы nonlife insurance страхование ущерба nuclear risks insurance страхование от риска радиоактивного облучения obligatory insurance облигаторное страхование occupational compensation insurance страхование выплат работникам offshore insurance офшорное страхование offshore insurance страхование, не подпадающее под национальное регулирование old age insurance страхование по старости optional insurance добровольное страхование ordinary life insurance обычное страхование жизни ordinary life insurance страхование на случай смерти с пожизненной уплатой взносов paid-up insurance оплаченный страховой полис partial insurance неполное страхование partial insurance страхование в неполную стоимость passenger insurance страхование пассажиров pension insurance пенсионное страхование pension insurance страхование пенсии perpetual insurance бессрочное страхование perpetual insurance пожизненное страхование personal accident insurance индивидуальное страхование от несчастного случая personal accident insurance личное страхование от несчастного случая personal insurance индивидуальное страхование personal insurance личное страхование personal liability insurance страхование гражданской ответственности personal property insurance страхование личной собственности pharmaceutical insurance страхование фармацевтических расходов plate glass insurance страхование витринного стекла pluvious insurance страхование от ненастной погоды во время отпуска pool insurance коллективное страхование portfolio insurance страхование портфеля активов post office insurance страхование по почте premium insurance страхование с уплатой взносов previous insurance предыдущее страхование price differences insurance страхование различия в ценах private insurance индивидуальное страхование private insurance личное страхование product liability insurance страхование ответственности за качество выпускаемой продукции professional disability insurance страхование от нетрудоспособности по данной профессии professional indemnity insurance страхование от убытков в ходе профессиональной деятельности professional liability insurance страхование профессиональной ответственности property fire insurance страхование имущества от пожара property insurance страхование имущества propose an insurance заявлять о намерении застраховаться provident insurance социальное страхование public liability insurance страхование гражданской ответственности pure endowment insurance страхование с выплатой страховой суммы лицам, указанным в полисе, или самому застрахованному при достижении определенного срока railway passengers' insurance страхование пассажиров железнодорожного транспорта replacement value insurance страхование имущества, при котором возмещение выплачивается в размере восстановительной стоимости retirement pension insurance страхование пенсии за выслугу лет retirement pension insurance страхование пенсии по возрасту retirement pension insurance страхование пенсии по старости retroactive insurance страхование, имеющее обратную силу risk insurance страхование от риска risk insurance страхование риска robbery insurance страхование от грабежа salvage value insurance страхование стоимости спасенного имущества satellite insurance дополнительное страхование sea insurance морское страхование short-term insurance краткосрочное страхование sickness benefit insurance страхование на случай болезни sickness insurance страхование по болезни sickness insurance card карта страхования по болезни; полис страхования по болезни sickness insurance contribution взносы страхованя по болезни single-premium insurance страхование с единовременным страховым взносом ski-breakage insurance страхование от поломки лыж social insurance социальное страхование social insurance card карта социального страхования The Social Insurance Institution Институт социального страхования spacecraft insurance страхование космического аппарата statutory insurance установленное законом страхование storm damage insurance страхование от убытков вследствие бури straight life insurance страхование с пожизненной уплатой взносов supplementary health insurance дополнительное страхование от болезней supplementary insurance дополнительное страхование suretyship insurance страхование от финансовых потерь, связанных со злоупотреблениями служащих компании survivorship life insurance страхование жизни пережившего супруга television insurance страхование телевизора temporary insurance временное страхование term insurance страхование на срок term life insurance срочное страхование жизни theft insurance страхование от кражи title insurance страхование от дефектов правового титула tourist health insurance страхование туристов от болезней trade credit insurance страхование коммерческих кредитов transport insurance страхование перевозок travel insurance страхование туристов traveller's accident insurance страхование туристов от несчастных случаев traveller's health insurance страхование туристов от болезней underwrite insurance принимать на страхование unemployment insurance страхование от безработицы unemployment insurance страхование по безработице vehicle insurance страхование транспорта voluntary insurance добровольное страхование wager insurance азартный полис war risk insurance страхование от военных рисков water damage insurance страхование от ущерба, причиненного водой weather insurance страхование от атмосферного воздействия whole-life insurance пожизненное страхование на случай смерти widow's insurance страхование на случай вдовства workmen's compensation insurance страхование от понижения заработной платы works traffic insurance страхование производственного транспорта write insurance принимать на страхование -
10 exchange
1) обмен (напр. информацией)Англо-русский словарь по компьютерной безопасности > exchange
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11 work
wə:k
1. сущ.
1) работа;
труд;
занятие;
дело to quit, stop work ≈ окончить работу, завершить работу They quit work at one o'clock. ≈ Они окончили работу в час дня. to set, get to work ≈ приняться за дело They never do any work. ≈ Они всегда бездельничают. backbreaking work easy work exhausting work hard work paper work physical work shoddy work slipshod work sloppy work social work tiring work undercover work Syn: labour
2) место работы;
занятие;
должность They are still at work. ≈ Они все еще на работе. to go to work ≈ пойти на работу, начать работать to return to work ≈ возвратиться на работу, выйти на работу She'd have enough money to provide for her children until she could find work. ≈ У нее было достаточно денег, чтобы обеспечить детей, пока она не устроится на работу. What kind of work do you do? ≈ Кем вы работаете? Many people travel to work by car. ≈ Многие едут на работу на машине.
3) а) действие, поступок dirty work ≈ грязное дело, грязный, низкий поступок б) мн. дела, деяния
4) продукт, результат деятельности кого-л. или чего-л. а) изделие, продукт delicate, meticulous, precise work ≈ тонкая работа, изящная работа It can help to have an impartial third party look over your work. ≈ Будет полезно, если бы вашу работу (ваше изделие) осмотрел кто-нибудь незаинтересованный. That's a beautiful piece of work. ≈ Это прекрасная работа. б) продукт, эффект, результат ( от работы какого-л. механизма, структуры) careful police work ≈ высокопрофессиональная работа полиции clever camera work ≈ толковая операторская работа в) произведение, работа, сочинение, труд (письменный научного, политического или художественного характера) to exhibit, hang one's works ≈ выставлять чьи-л. полотна (в картинной галерее, в выставочном зале) In my opinion, this is Rembrandt's greatest work. ≈ Я думаю, это самое значительное произведение Рембранта. Under his arm, there was a book which looked like the complete works of Shakespeare. ≈ Он нес под мышкой том, который напоминал полное собрание сочинений Шекспира. collected works published works selected works
5) предприятие, завод, фабрика Syn: plant II, factory
6) а) обыкн. мн.;
воен. фортификационные сооружения, укрепления, оборонительные сооружения б) мн. инженерно-технические сооружения
7) мн. механизм (работающие или движущиеся части какого-л. механизма) works of a clock ≈ часовой механизм
8) мастерство, умение, искусство выполнения, обработка Syn: workmanship, execution
9) вышивание, рукоделие, шитье
10) брожение, ферментация Syn: fermentation
11) физ. работа unit of work ≈ единица работы ∙ I've had my work cut out for me. ≈ У меня дела по горло. to get the works амер. ≈ попасть в переплет to give the works ≈ взять кого-л. в оборот, в работу to go to work on smb. ≈ "обрабатывать" кого-л., оказывать давление на кого-л. to make hard work (of smth.) ≈ преувеличивать трудности (мероприятия и т. п.) to make sure work (with smth.) ≈ обеспечить свой контроль над чем-л.
2. прил. рабочий work clothes ≈ рабочая одежда;
спецодежда
3. гл.
1) работать, заниматься( at - чем-л.), работать в какой-л. области to work hard, to work strenuously ≈ усердно работать, усиленно работать They were working on a new book. ≈ Они работали над новой книгой. You have to work at being friendlier with people. ≈ Тебе нужно учиться быть мягче в общении с людьми She works for a large firm. ≈ Она работает в большой компании She worked herself into a rage. ≈ Она вошла в раж( вдохновилась какой-л. деятельностью) She worked a few jokes into her speech. ≈ Она вставила несколько шуток в свою речь. to work through difficult material ≈ разбираться в трудном материале to work towards a common goal ≈ идти к общей цели to work closely with one's colleagues ≈ работать бок о бок с коллегами to work like a horse/navvy/nigger/slave ≈ работать как вол to work as ≈ работать в качестве( кого-л.), работать (кем-л.)
2) а) функционировать, действовать The pump will not work. ≈ Насос не работает. б) перен. идти, складываться;
иметь действие Our family life does not work any more. ≈ Наша семейная жизнь разладилась (больше не складывается). The medicine did not work. ≈ Лекарство не помогло.
3) прош. вр. и прич. прош. вр. тж. wrought осуществлять, совершать to work miracles ≈ совершать чудеса Syn: effect
2.
4) а) заставлять работать, приводить в действие He worked them nearly to death. ≈ Он заставлял их работать до полного изнеможения. б) эксплуатировать, использовать( чей-л. труд, функциональность какого-л. аппарата) Syn: exploit II в) управлять, осуществлять управление( чем-л.) Syn: This computer is worked from a central server. ≈ Управление этим компьютером осуществляется с центрального сервера.
5) а) быть в движении His face worked with emotion. ≈ Его лицо подергивалось от волнения. б) перен. бродить, вызывать брожение Syn: ferment
2.
6) придумывать, разрабатывать, устраивать( что-л.) He can work it so that you can take your vacation. ≈ Он может устрить все так, что ты сможешь взять отпуск. Syn: contrive, arrange
7) заслужить;
отработать (тж. work out)
8) пробиваться, проникать, прокладывать себе дорогу (тж. work in, work out, work through и др.) to work loose, to work free of ≈ высвободиться, выпростаться ('пробиться' наружу, на волю)
9) прош. вр. и прич. прош. вр. обыкн. wrought а) выковывать;
придавать определенную форму Syn: forge I
2., shape
2. б) заниматься рукоделием, вышивать Syn: embroider
10) прош. вр. и прич. прош. вр. обыкн. wrought обрабатывать;
отделывать;
разрабатывать
11) вычислять;
решать (пример и т. п.)
12) а) разг. обманывать, вымогать, добиваться( чего-л.) обманным путем б) разг. провоцировать на что-л., подстрекать( к чему-л.) ;
доводить себя до какого-л. состояния to work oneself into a rage ≈ довести себя до состояния исступления Syn: excite, provoke ∙ work against work away work for work in work off work on work out work over work up work upon to work it сл. ≈ достигнуть цели to work up to the curtain театр. ≈ играть под занавес работа, труд;
дело;
деятельность - difficult * трудная работа - * horse рабочая лошадь - * clothes рабочая одежда;
спецодежда - right to * право на труд - to do no * ничего не делать;
не трудиться - to set /to get/ to * (on) приняться за дело, начать работать - to set /to go/ about one's * приступать к работе, приниматься за дело - he does not go about his * in the right way он не с того конца берется за дело - to set smb. to * засадить кого-л. за работу, заставить кого-л. работать;
дать кому-л. дело /занятие/ - he is not fond of * он не любит трудиться - he is fond of his * он любит свое дело - I have * to do я занят, мне некогда - I have some * to do in the garden мне нужно кое-что сделать в саду - at * занятый на работе, особ. на постоянной;
действующий, функционирующий;
в действии, в ходу( о машине и т. п.) ;
оказывающий действие, воздействующий - to be at * upon smth. быть занятым чем-л.;
работать над чем-л. - factory at * действующий завод (т.е. не законсервированный) - loom at * включенный /работающий/ ткацкий станок - the forces at * действующие /движущие/ силы - in * в процессе изготовления;
имеющий работу( о рабочем) - three films are in * now в настоящее время готовятся три фильма - out of * безработный - to set a machine to * включить станок - the * of a moment минутное дело - a * of time работа, требующая большой затраты времени - a piece of * задание;
выполненная работа - to set smb. a piece of * дать кому-л. задание - a nice piece of * he has done here! вот это отличная работа!, как хорошо он выполнил работу! место работы;
занятие;
должность - at * на работе - father's at * now отец сейчас на работе - what time do you get to (your) *? когда вы приходите на работу? - he is looking for * он ищет работу - my * is in medicine я работаю в области медицины /я по професии медик/ вид деятельности - agricultural * сельскохозяйственные работы - construction * строительные работы - field * полевые работы - managerial * управленческая работа результат труда;
изделие;
продукт - bad /faulty/ * брак - the villagers sell their * to the tourists жители деревни продают свои изделия туристам произведение, творение, создание;
труд, сочинение - a * of art произведение искусства - *s of Shakespeare произведения /творения/ Шекспира - a learned * научный труд - * of genius гениальный труд - collected /complete/ *s (полное) собрание сочинений - selected *s избранные произведения - the * of God (религия) божье создание (о человеке) - the *s of God мир божий действие, поступок - dirty * грязное дело;
низкий поступок - you did a good day's * when you bought that house вы сделали хорошее дело, купив этот дом pl дела, деяния - *s of mercy благотворительность - good *s добрые дела;
(религия) благочестивые деяния - a person of good *s благотворитель - the *s of the devil козни дьявола - mighty *s чудеса - to reward /to render to/ smb. according to his *(s) (библеизм) воздать кому-л. по делам его результат воздействия, усилий - the broken window must be the * of the boys разбитое окно - это дело рук мальчишек - the brandy has done its * коньяк сделал свое дело - it's clever camera * это умная работа кинооператора рукоделие;
шитье, вышивание;
вязание - fancy * художественная вышивка - crochet * вязание крючком - open * прорезная гладь, ришелье;
ажурная строчка, мережка - plain * шитье - she took her * out into the garden она вышла с рукоделием в сад обработка;
предмет обработки;
обрабатываемая заготовка;
обрабатываемая деталь - hot * (техническое) горячая обработка( физическое) работа - unit of * единица работы (диалектизм) боль (специальное) пена при брожении;
брожение (сленг) крапленая кость > to have one's * cut out for one иметь перед собой трудную задачу;
придется потрудиться;
хлопот не оберешься > all in the day's * это все в порядке вещей;
это все нормально > not dry /thirsty/ * непыльная работенка > to make short /quick/ * of smth. быстро разделаться с чем-л. > to make short /quick/ * of smb. в два счета расправиться с кем-л. /отделаться от кого-л./ > to make a piece of * about smth. раздувать /преувеличивать/ трудность чего-л.;
делать из чего-л. целое дело /-ую историю/ > all * and no play makes Jack a dull boy (пословица) Джек в дружбе с делом, в ссоре с бездельем - бедняга Джек не знаком с весельем работать, трудиться - to * like a horse /like a navvy, like a slave / работать как вол - to * at smth. заниматься чем-л.;
работать над чем-л.;
изучать что-л. - to * at a question разрабатывать вопрос - we have no data to * on мы не можем работать, так как у нас нет исходных данных работать по найму;
служить - he isn't *ing now он сейчас не работает (безработный или на пенсии) - he *s in a factory он работает на заводе /на фабрике/ - they * for a farmer они работают у фермера заставлять работать - to * smb. to death свести кого-л. в могилу непосильным трудом - to * one's fingers to the bone измучить себя работой - she *s her servants too hard она совсем загоняла прислугу действовать, работать;
быть в исправности - the pump will not * насос не работает - the handle *s freely ручка поворачивается свободно - his heart is *ing badly у него плохо работает сердце приводить в движение или в действие - to * a ship управлять судном - to * a typewriter печатать на машинке - machinery *ed by electricity машины, приводимые в движение электричеством - he *ed his jaws у него задвигались желваки на скулах двигаться, быть в движении;
шевелиться - waves *ed to and fro волны метались - conscience was *ing within him в нем зашевелилась /проснулась/ совесть - his face *ed with emotion его лицо подергивалось от волнения - her mouth *ed у нее дрожали губы (past и p.p. тж. wrought;
on, upon) действовать, оказывать воздействие - to * on smb.'s sympathies стараться вызвать чье-л. сочувствие - the medicine did not * лекарство не подействовало /не возымело действия/ - it *ed like a charm( разговорное) это оказало магическое действие (past. и p.p. тж. wrought) обрабатывать;
разрабатывать - to * farmland обрабатывать землю - to * a quarry разрабатывать карьер - to * dough месить тесто - to * butter сбивать масло - to * a constituency обрабатывать избирателей - to * smb. to one's way of thinking склонять кого-л. на свою сторону;
внушать кому-л. свои убеждения - this salesman *s the North Wales district этот коммивояжер объезжает район Северного Уэльса (past и р.р. тж. wrought) поддаваться обработке, воздействию - butter *s more easily in this weather в такую погоду масло сбивается легче (тж. * out) отрабатывать, платить трудом - to * one's passage отработать проезд( на пароходе в качестве матроса и т. п.) ;
(сленг) не отлынивать от работы;
тянуть лямку вместе со всеми( разговорное) использовать - to * one's connections использовать свои связи - to * one's charm to get one's way использовать личное обаяние, чтобы добиться своего( разговорное) добиваться обманным путем;
вымогать, выманивать - he *ed the management for a ticket он ухитрился получить билет у администрации устраивать - I'll * it if I can я постараюсь это устроить заниматься рукоделием;
шить;
вышивать;
вязать - to * a design on linen вышивать узор на полотне - she is *ing a sweater она вяжет свитер( past и p.p. тж. wrought) вызывать, причинять (часто что-л. неожиданное или неприятное) - to * mischief сеять раздор - to * harm принести /причинить/ вред;
нанести ущерб;
наделать бед - to * the ruin of smb. погубить кого-л. - the storm *ed /wrought/ great ruin ураган произвел большие разрушения - time has *ed /wrought/ many changes время принесло много перемен - the frost *ed havoc with the crop мороз погубил урожай( past и р.р. тж. wrought) творить, создавать - to * wonders /miracles/ творить /делать/ чудеса - we must * our own happiness мы сами должны быть творцами своего счастья бродить (о напитках) вызывать брожение (о дрожжах и т. п.) будоражить (тж. * out, * up) вычислять (сумму) ;
решать (задачу и т. п.) - to * a problem in algebra решать алгебраическую задачу - to work against smb., smth. бороться против кого-л., чего-л. - to * against poverty бороться с нищетой - he has always *ed against reform он всегда противился проведению реформ - time is *ing against them время работает против них - to work for smth. бороться за что-л.;
содействовать чему-л.;
прилагать усилия для чего-л. - to * for peace бороться за мир - to * for the public good трудиться на благо общества - all things *ed for our good все обстоятельства благоприятствовали нам - to work (one's way) to /through, etc./ smth. пробираться, проникать куда-л. через что-л. - to * one's way upwards медленно взбираться на гору и т. п. - to * one's way down производить медленный и осторожный спуск с горы и т. п. - to * up to a climax приближаться к развязке - he *ed his way to the front of the crowd он протиснулся вперед через толпу - he *ed his way up to the presidency он пробился на пост председателя - the heavier particles * to the bottom тяжелые частицы медленно оседают на дно - her elbow has *ed through her sleeve у нее рукав протерся на локте (past и р.р. часто wrought) - to work smb. into a state, to work oneself into a state: - to * oneself into a rage довести себя до исступления - he *ed himself into a position of leadership он добился руководящего положения - to work smth. out of smth. с трудом извлекать что-л. откуда-л. - to * the key out of the hole с трудом вынуть ключ из замочной скважины - to work smth. into smth. с трудом втиснуть что-л. куда-л. - to * one's foot into a boot с трудом всунуть ногу в ботинок - to work (smb., smth.) + прилагательное: постепенно или с трудом приводить( кого-л., что-л.) в какое-л. состояние - to * one's hands free высвободить руки - to * smb. free освобождать кого-л. - to * smth. tight постепенно затягивать что-л. - to work (oneself) + прилагательное: постепенно или с трудом приходить в какое-л. состояние - to * oneself free с трудом освободиться( о связанном человеке) - to * tight постепенно затягиваться - the knot has *ed loose узел развязался - to work out at smth. составлять какое-л. число, выражаться в какой-л. цифре - the cost *ed out at $5 a head издержки составили 5 долларов на человека > to * one's will добиваться своего > to * one's will upon smb. навязывать кому-л. свою волю;
расправляться с кем-л. по своему усмотрению > it won't * это не выйдет;
номер не пройдет > I don't think your plan will * я не думаю, что ваш план осуществим > to * it (сленг) достигнуть цели > to * up to the curtain (театроведение) играть "под занавес" > to * to rule проводить итальянскую забастовку (выполнять работу по всем правилам с целью замедлить ее темп) able to ~ трудоспособный;
способный выполнять работу additional ~ дополнительная работа administrative ~ конторская работа agricultural ~ сельскохозяйственная работа agricultural ~ сельскохозяйственные работы all in the day's ~ в порядке вещей;
нормальный;
to make hard work (of smth.) преувеличивать трудности (мероприятия и т. п.) any ~ любая работа assessment ~ налог. работа по оценке недвижимого имущества autonomous ~ автономная работа batch ~ вчт. пакетная работа ~ работа;
труд;
занятие;
дело;
at work за работой;
to be at work (upon smth.) быть занятым (чем-л.) blasting ~ подрывная работа casual ~ внеплановая работа casual ~ временная работа casual ~ нерегулярная работа casual ~ случайная работа cease ~ прекращать работу charity ~ благотворительная деятельность committee ~ работа комиссии community ~ общинные работы compiled ~ компиляция construction ~ строительная работа construction ~ строительные работы constructive social ~ полезная общественная работа continuous shift ~ непрерывная сменная работа contract ~ подрядная работа contract ~ работа, выполняемая по заказу contract ~ работа по договору copyright ~ произведение, охраняемое авторским правом ~ out составлять, выражаться (в такой-то цифре) ;
the costs work out at 50 издержки составляют 50 фунтов стерлингов cottage ~ надомная работа cottage ~ надомный промысел day ~ дневная работа domestic ~ домашняя работа the dye works its way in краска впитывается;
to work one's way прокладывать себе дорогу;
пробиваться educational ~ воспитательная работа educational ~ обучение excavation ~ выемка грунта, земляные работы extra ~ дополнительная работа field ~ полевые работы freelance ~ работа без контракта full-time ~ полная занятость full-time ~ работа, занимающая все рабочее время full-time ~ работа полный рабочий день to get the ~s амер. = попасть в переплет;
to give (smb.) the works = взять (кого-л.) в оборот, в работу to get the ~s амер. = попасть в переплет;
to give (smb.) the works = взять (кого-л.) в оборот, в работу guarantee ~ гарантированный объем работы hard ~ рын.тр. тяжелая работа to set (или to get) to ~ приняться за дело;
to have one's work cut out for one иметь много дел, забот, работы ~ in вставлять, вводить;
he worked in a few jokes in his speech он вставил несколько шуток в свою речь ~ заставлять работать;
he worked them long hours он заставлял их долго работать ~ быть в движении;
his face worked with emotion его лицо подергивалось от волнения ~ in соответствовать;
his plans do not work in with ours его планы расходятся с нашими household ~ работа по дому I've had my ~ cut out for me y меня дела по горло in ~ имеющий работу;
out of work безработный;
to set (smb.) to work дать работу, засадить за работу industrial construction ~ строительство промышленного объекта intellectual ~ интеллектуальный труд interim audit ~ промежуточная ревизия interim audit ~ ревизия за неполный расчетный период it was the ~ of a moment to call him вызвать его было делом одной минуты it won't ~ = этот номер не пройдет;
это не выйдет;
to work up to the curtain театр. играть под занавес job ~ индивидуальное производство job ~ сдельная работа lay ~ социальная деятельность церкви literary ~ литературная работа literary ~ литературное произведение all in the day's ~ в порядке вещей;
нормальный;
to make hard work (of smth.) преувеличивать трудности (мероприятия и т. п.) ~ to rule строгое выполнение условий трудового соглашения (коллективного договора и т. п.) ;
to make sure work (with smth.) обеспечить свой контроль (над чем-л.) manual ~ ручной труд manual ~ физический труд mechanical ~ механизированный труд mechanical ~ механическая работа medical social ~ медицинская социальная работа ~ действовать, оказывать действие;
возыметь действие (on, upon - на) ;
the medicine did not work лекарство не помогло mental health ~ работа по охране психического здоровья mind one's ~ заниматься своим делом mine ~ горные работы night ~ ночная работа night ~ работа в ночную смену occasional ~ временная работа occasional ~ случайная работа occupational ~ профессиональная работа occupational ~ работа по специальности office ~ канцелярская работа outdoor ~ работа вне стен учреждения outreach ~ мобильная социальная работа;
работа производимая мобильными группами overtime ~ сверхурочная работа own ~ собственная работа paid ~ оплаченная работа part-time ~ неполная занятость part-time ~ работа на неполный рабочий день part-time ~ работа неполное рабочее время part-time ~ работа неполный рабочий день part-time ~ частичная безработица permanent ~ постоянная работа physical ~ физическая работа, физический труд ~ out срабатывать;
быть успешным, реальным;
the plan worked out план оказался реальным preventive social ~ превентивная социальная работа;
работа по предупреждению (напр. наркомании, алкоголизма и т.д.) process ~ полигр. многокрасочная печать газетной продукции procure ~ обеспечивать работой production ~ произ. основное производство productive sheltered ~ производственная работа в специальных защищенных мастерских professional ~ профессиональная работа public health ~ работа по государственному здравоохранению ~ действовать, быть или находиться в действии;
the pump will not work насос не работает repair ~ ремонтная работа repetition ~ тех. массовое производство;
серийное производство;
шаблонная работа rotating shift ~ скользящий график работы sales ~ торговая деятельность salvage ~ спасательные работы seasonal ~ сезонная работа sheltered ~ защищенная работа;
система обеспечения рабочих мест для инвалидов в специальных мастерских или производственных участках предприятия shift ~ посменная работа shift ~ сменная работа short-time ~ временная работа short-time ~ кратковременная работа skilled ~ квалифицированная работа social case ~ общественная патронажная работа social group ~ работа социальной группы;
деятельность группы по социальным делам social ~ общественный труд social ~ патронаж social ~ социальная работа;
работа по обеспечению ухода за престарелыми и инвалидами stevedore ~ работа по погрузке или разгрузке корабля stevedoring ~ работа по погрузке или разгрузке корабля stowage ~ стивидорные работы temperance ~ работа по сдерживанию (употребления спиртных напитков и т. д.) temporary ~ временная работа ~ pl механизм (особ. часов) ;
there is something wrong with the works механизм не в порядке time ~ поденная работа translation ~ работа переводчика ~ физ. работа;
unit of work единица работы unperformed ~ невыполненная работа urgent ~ срочная работа voluntary ~ добровольная работа ~ действие, поступок;
wild work дикий поступок women's ~ женский труд work: to make short work( of smth., smb.) (быстро) разделаться (с чем-л.), расправиться (с кем-л.) ~ бродить или вызывать брожение ~ брожение ~ быть в движении;
his face worked with emotion его лицо подергивалось от волнения ~ вести ~ (upon smth.) влиять( на что-л.) ;
to work upon (smb.'s) conscience подействовать на (чью-л.) совесть ~ вычислять;
решать (пример и т. п.) ~ действие, поступок;
wild work дикий поступок ~ действие ~ действовать, оказывать действие;
возыметь действие (on, upon - на) ;
the medicine did not work лекарство не помогло ~ действовать, быть или находиться в действии;
the pump will not work насос не работает ~ действовать ~ загрузка ~ заниматься рукоделием, вышивать ~ заслужить;
отработать (тж. work out) ;
to work one's passage отработать свой проезд на пароходе ~ заставлять работать;
he worked them long hours он заставлял их долго работать ~ изделие ~ использовать в своих целях ~ pl механизм (особ. часов) ;
there is something wrong with the works механизм не в порядке ~ работать, быть специалистом, работать в (какой-л.) области ~ разг. обманывать, вымогать, добиваться (чего-л.) обманным путем;
work against действовать против;
work away продолжать работать ~ (past & p. p. обыкн. wrought) обрабатывать;
отделывать;
разрабатывать;
to work the soil обрабатывать почву;
to work a vein разрабатывать жилу ~ обрабатывать ~ обработанная деталь ~ обработка ~ обработка ~ pl общественные работы (тж. public works) ~ объем работы ~ приводить в движение или действие;
управлять( машиной и т. п.) ;
вести (предприятие) ~ (past & p. p. часто wrought) (искусственно) приводить себя в (какое-л.) состояние (тж. work up, into) ;
to work oneself into a rage довести себя до исступления ~ (past & p. p. обыкн. wrought) придавать определенную форму или консистенцию;
месить;
ковать ~ (past & p. p. тж. wrought) причинять, вызывать;
to work changes вызывать или производить изменения;
to work miracles делать чудеса ~ пробиваться, проникать, прокладывать себе дорогу (тж. work in, work out, work through и др.) ~ продукция ~ произведение, сочинение, труд;
a work of art произведение искусства ~ физ. работа;
unit of work единица работы ~ работа;
труд;
занятие;
дело;
at work за работой;
to be at work (upon smth.) быть занятым (чем-л.) ~ работа ~ (в некоторых значениях past & p. p. wrought) работать, заниматься (at - чем-л.) ~ работать ~ рабочее задание ~ разрабатывать ~ распутать, выпростать ( из чего-л.;
обыкн. work loose, work free of) ~ рукоделие, шитье, вышивание ~ pl технические сооружения;
строительные работы ~ труд ~ (обыкн. pl) воен. фортификационные сооружения, укрепления ~ эксплуатировать ~ библ. дела, деяния ~ (past & p. p. обыкн. wrought) обрабатывать;
отделывать;
разрабатывать;
to work the soil обрабатывать почву;
to work a vein разрабатывать жилу ~ разг. обманывать, вымогать, добиваться (чего-л.) обманным путем;
work against действовать против;
work away продолжать работать ~ attr. рабочий;
work station( или position) рабочее место( у конвейера) ;
work horse рабочая лошадь ~ разг. обманывать, вымогать, добиваться (чего-л.) обманным путем;
work against действовать против;
work away продолжать работать ~ (past & p. p. тж. wrought) причинять, вызывать;
to work changes вызывать или производить изменения;
to work miracles делать чудеса ~ for стремиться( к чему-л.) ;
to work for peace бороться за мир ~ for a wage or salary работать по найму ~ for стремиться (к чему-л.) ;
to work for peace бороться за мир ~ attr. рабочий;
work station( или position) рабочее место (у конвейера) ;
work horse рабочая лошадь ~ in вставлять, вводить;
he worked in a few jokes in his speech он вставил несколько шуток в свою речь ~ in пригнать ~ in проникать, прокладывать себе дорогу ~ in соответствовать;
his plans do not work in with ours его планы расходятся с нашими ~ in process незавершенное производство ~ in process обрабатываемое изделие ~ in process полуфабрикат ~ in progress выполняемая работа ~ in progress незавершенное производство ~ in progress on behalf of third parties работа, выполняемая в интересах третьих лиц to ~ against time стараться кончить к определенному сроку;
to work it sl. достигнуть цели to ~ like a horse (или a navvy, a nigger, a slave) работать как вол ~ (past & p. p. тж. wrought) причинять, вызывать;
to work changes вызывать или производить изменения;
to work miracles делать чудеса ~ произведение, сочинение, труд;
a work of art произведение искусства ~ of art произведение искусства ~ of comparable worth работа сопоставимой ценности ~ of reference упомянутая работа ~ of reference цитируемая работа ~ of seasonal nature сезонная работа ~ off вымещать;
to work off one's bad temper( on smb.) срывать свое плохое настроение( на ком-л.) ~ off освободиться, отделаться (от чего-л.) ;
to work off one's excess weight = сбросить лишний вес, похудеть ~ off распродать ~ off вымещать;
to work off one's bad temper (on smb.) срывать свое плохое настроение( на ком-л.) ~ off освободиться, отделаться (от чего-л.) ;
to work off one's excess weight = сбросить лишний вес, похудеть ~ on Sundays and public holidays работа по воскресеньям и в праздничные дни ~ заслужить;
отработать (тж. work out) ;
to work one's passage отработать свой проезд на пароходе the dye works its way in краска впитывается;
to work one's way прокладывать себе дорогу;
пробиваться to ~ one's will поступать, как вздумается;
делать по-своему;
to work one's will (upon smb.) заставлять (кого-л.) делать по-своему to ~ one's will поступать, как вздумается;
делать по-своему;
to work one's will (upon smb.) заставлять (кого-л.) делать по-своему ~ (past & p. p. часто wrought) (искусственно) приводить себя в (какое-л.) состояние (тж. work up, into) ;
to work oneself into a rage довести себя до исступления ~ out вычислять ~ out добиваться ~ out истощать ~ out определять путем вычисления ~ out отрабатывать ~ out отработать (долг и т. п.) ~ out получать в результате упорного труда ~ out разрабатывать (план) ;
составлять (документ) ;
подбирать цифры, цитаты ~ out разрабатывать план ~ out решать (задачу) ~ out вчт. решать ~ out вчт. решить ~ out с трудом добиться ~ out составлять, выражаться (в такой-то цифре) ;
the costs work out at 50 издержки составляют 50 фунтов стерлингов ~ out составлять документ ~ out срабатывать;
быть успешным, реальным;
the plan worked out план оказался реальным ~ over перерабатывать;
to work over a letter переделывать письмо ~ over перерабатывать;
to work over a letter переделывать письмо to ~ side by side( with smb.) тесно сотрудничать( с кем-л.) ;
to work towards (smth.) способствовать( чему-л.) ~ (past & p. p. обыкн. wrought) обрабатывать;
отделывать;
разрабатывать;
to work the soil обрабатывать почву;
to work a vein разрабатывать жилу ~ to capacity работать с полной нагрузкой ~ to rule проводить итальянскую забастовку ~ to rule работа по правлиам (вид забастовки) ~ to rule работать строго по правилам ~ to rule строгое выполнение условий трудового соглашения (коллективного договора и т. п.) ;
to make sure work (with smth.) обеспечить свой контроль (над чем-л.) ~ to rule тормозить работу точным соблюдением всех правил to ~ side by side (with smb.) тесно сотрудничать (с кем-л.) ;
to work towards (smth.) способствовать (чему-л.) ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) возбуждать, вызывать;
to work up an appetite нагулять себе аппетит;
to work up a rebellion подстрекать к бунту ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) действовать (на кого-л.) ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) добиваться, завоевывать;
to work up a reputation завоевать репутацию ~ up добиваться ~ up доходить ~ up обрабатывать ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) отделывать, придавать законченный вид ~ up отделывать ~ up приближаться ~ up придавать законченный вид ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) разрабатывать ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) смешивать (составные части) ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) собирать сведения( по какому-л. вопросу) ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) возбуждать, вызывать;
to work up an appetite нагулять себе аппетит;
to work up a rebellion подстрекать к бунту ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) добиваться, завоевывать;
to work up a reputation завоевать репутацию ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) возбуждать, вызывать;
to work up an appetite нагулять себе аппетит;
to work up a rebellion подстрекать к бунту it won't ~ = этот номер не пройдет;
это не выйдет;
to work up to the curtain театр. играть под занавес ~ on = work upon ~ (upon smth.) влиять (на что-л.) ;
to work upon (smb.'s) conscience подействовать на (чью-л.) совесть -
12 account
əˈkaunt
1. сущ.
1) счет, расчет;
подсчет Some banks make it difficult to open an account. ≈ В некоторых банках трудно открыть счет. for account of smb. - on account charge smb.'s account charge smth. to an account close an account with keep accounts open an account with overdraw an account pass to account pay smth. into an account pay an account on smb.'s account lay one's account with smth. settle accounts with smb. active account balance account blocked account charge account checking account correspondent account credit account current account deposit account savings account inactive account individual retirement account joint account outstanding account private account running account account book
2) отчет;
сообщение;
доклад to call to account ≈ призвать к ответу, потребовать объяснения, отчета to give account of smth.≈ давать отчет в чем-л. accurate account biased account blow-by-blow account detailed account eyewitness account fictitious account first-hand account full account newspaper account onesided account press accounts sweep account true account vivid account Syn: report
3) мнение, оценка take into account leave out of account give a good account of oneself not to hold of much account by all accounts
4) основание, причина account of
5) важность, значение make account of be reckoned of some account of good account of high account of much account of no account of small account
6) выгода, польза turn to account turn a thing to account on one's own account turn to good account
7) торговый баланс ∙ to be called to one's account;
to go to one's account амер. to hand in one's account ≈ умереть;
свести счеты с жизнью, покончить с собой
2. гл.
1) считать;
рассматривать I account myself happy. ≈ Я считаю себя счастливым. He was accounted( to be) guilty. ≈ Его признали виновным. The opening day of the battle was, nevertheless, accounted a success. ≈ Первый бой, тем не менее, рассматривался как успех. account smth. a merit
2) отчитываться (перед кем-л. в чем-л.) ;
давать отчет (кому-л. в чем-л.) (to, for) Trade agreements are to be accounted for yearly. ≈ Торговые соглашения проверяются ежегодно. You will have to account to me for all you do. ≈ Вам придется отчитываться передо мной за все свои действия. He could not account for the missing funds.≈ Он не смог отчитаться за недостающие деньги How do you account for the accident? ≈ Как вы объясните причины этого несчастного случая?
3) отвечать, нести ответственность( for) At once accounting for his deep arrears. ≈ Мгновенно расплачиваясь за свои многочисленные долги( Драйден) Syn: answer for
4) разг. убить, уничтожить( for) After a long hunt, the fox was at last accounted for. ≈ После длительного преследования лиса была наконец убита.
5) объяснять( for) He could not account for his foolish mistake. ≈ Он не мог объяснить, почему допустил такую глупую ошибку. This accounts for his behaviour. ≈ Вот чем объясняется его поведение. account for one's conduct account for being late
6) вменять, приписывать( кому-л. какие-л. качества) ;
полагать, считать Fortune was ever accounted inconstant. ≈ Фортуну всегда считали непостоянной.
7) вызывать что-л., приводить к чему-л., служить причиной чего-л. (for) These accidents are accounted for by his negligence. ≈ Причина этих аварий кроется в его халатности. That accounts for it! ≈ Вот, оказывается, в чем дело!
8) считаться с кем-л. (с of) They are nothing to be accounted of. ≈ Кто они такие, чтобы с ними считаться? ∙ one cannot account for tastes ≈ о вкусах не спорятсчет;
- bank * счет в банке;
- correspondent * корреспондентский счет;
- * current, current * текущий счет;
- joint * общий счет;
- private * счет частного лица или фирмы;
- * rendered счет, предъявленный к оплате;
- on smb.'s * на чьем-то счете в банке;
за чей-то счет;
- for * of smb. (коммерческое) за чей-то счет;
- on * (биржевое) в счет причитающейся суммы;
- to open an * with открывать счет;
- to be in * with иметь счет у кого-л.;
иметь дела, быть связанным с;
- to pay an * заплатить по счету, расплатиться;
- to settle *s with smb. рассчитаться с кем-л.;
свести счеты с кем-л.;
- to pass to * внести на счет расчет;
подсчет;
- money of * (коммерческое) расчетная денежная единица;
- for the * (биржевое) с ликвидацией расчетов в течение ближайшего ликвидационного периода;
- to keep * of smth. вести счет чему-л.;
- to take an * of smth. подсчитать что-л.;
составить список чего-л.;
произвести инвентаризацию чего-л. расчеты, отчетность;
сводка;
- activity *s (экономика) хозяйственные счета;
- to adjust *s (бухгалтерское) приводить книги в порядок;
- to cast *s производить расчет;
- to learn *s изучать счетоводство кредит по открытому счету;
- * card кредитная карточка;
- charge this coat to my * запишите это пальто на мой счет отчет;
доклад, сообщение;
- an accurate * of smth. подробный доклад о чем-л.;
- newspaper * газетный отчет;
газетное сообщение;
- to call to * потребовать отчета;
призвать к ответу;
- to give an * давать отчет, отчитываться;
- to give an * of smth. делать отчет о чем-л.;
описывать что-л.;
давать сведения о чем-л.;
объяснять что-л.;
- to give an * of one's absence объяснять причину своего отсутствия описание, рассказ;
- * of the trip рассказ о поездке;
- to trust smb.'s * доверять чьему-л. рассказу;
- let us have your * of yesterday afternoon расскажи нам о том, что ты делал вчера днем сводка данных мнение, отзыв, оценка;
according to all *s, by all *s по общему мнению, по словам всех;
- not to hold of much * быть невысокого мнения, невысоко ценить причина, основание;
- on this * по этой причине;
- on what *? на каком основании?;
- at all *s в любом случае;
во что бы то ни стало;
- not on any *, on no * ни в коем случае, ни под каким видом;
никоим образом;
- on * of из-за, вследствие, ввиду, по случаю, по причине;
- on the public * в общественных интересах значение, важность;
- of good * имеющий ценность;
пользующийся авторитетом;
- to be reckoned of some * иметь некоторый вес, пользоваться определенным вниманием;
- of no * не имеющий веса;
не пользующийся авторитетом;
- of small * незначительный, не имеющий большого значения;
- to make little * of smb., smth. не придавать кому-л., чему-л. большого значения;
- he is of small * here с ним здесь мало считаются внимание к чему-л.;
принятие в расчет чего-л.;
- to take into * принимать во внимание;
- you must take into * the boy's long illness вы должны учесть, что мальчик долго болел;
- to leave smth. out of *, to take no * of smth. не принимать во внимание что-л. выгода, польза;
- on one's own * в своих собственных интересах;
на свой страх и риск;
- to turn smth. to * обратить что-л. в свою пользу, использовать что-л. в своих интересах;
извлечь из чего-л. выгоду;
- she turned her misfortune to * она извлекла пользу даже из своего несчастья = advertising account;
- they got the toothpaste * они получили заказ на рекламирование зубной пасты (любой) заказчик, покупатель, клиент > the great * (религия) день страшного суда, судный день;
> to be called to one's *, to go to one's *, (американизм) to hand in one's *s покончить счеты с жизнью, умереть;
> he cast up *s его стошнило;
> to give a good * of oneself хорошо себя зарекомендовать, успешно справиться;
добиться хороших результатов;
не ударить лицом в грязь считать, признавать;
- to * smth. a merit считать что-л. достоинством;
- I * him a hero я считаю его героем;
- to * oneself lucky полагать, что ты счастливчик;
- he was *ed guilty его признали виновным;
- he was much *ed of его высоко ценили (to, for) отчитываться;
давать отчет;
- you'll have to * to me if anything happens to her если с ней что-нибудь случится, ты мне ответишь;
- he *ed for the money он отчитался за полученную сумму (for) отвечать, нести ответственность;
- he will * for his crime он ответит за свое преступление( for) (разговорное) убить, уничтожить;
обезвредить;
поймать;
- I *ed for three of the attackers я разделался с тремя из нападающих;
- he *ed for five of the enemy planes он сбил пять вражеских самолетов приписывать, вменять;
- many virtues were *ed to him ему приписывали множество добродетелей (for) объяснять;
- to * for one's absence давать объяснения по поводу своего отсутствия;
- I cannot * for his behaviour я не могу объяснить его поведения;
- he could not * for his foolish mistake он не находил объяснения своей нелепой ошибке (for) вызывать что-л., приводить к чему-л., служить причиной чего-л.;
- the humidity *s for the discomfort повышенная влажность является причиной дискомфорта;
- that *s for it! вот, оказывается, в чем дело! > one cannot * for tastes о вкусах не спорятabsorption ~ поглощающий счетacceptance ~ акцептный счетaccount выгода, польза;
to turn to account использовать;
извлекать выгоду;
to turn a thing to account использовать (что-л.) в своих интересах ~ выгода, польза ~ выгода ~ доклад;
сообщение;
отчет ~ доклад ~ заказчик рекламного агентства ~ запись финансовой операции ~ значение, важность;
of no account, of small account, амер. no незначительный;
to make account of придавать значение ~ значение, важность ~ иск с требованием отчетности ~ клиент рекламного агентства ~ мнение, оценка;
by all accounts по общим отзывам;
to give a good account of oneself хорошо себя зарекомендовать ~ мнение ~ объяснять (for - что-л.) ;
this accounts for his behaviour вот чем объясняется его поведение ~ операционный период на Лондонской фондовой бирже ~ основание, причина;
on account of из-за, вследствие ;
on no account ни в коем случае ~ отзыв ~ отчет ~ отчет об исполнении государственного бюджета (Великобритания) ~ отчетность ~ отчитываться (for - в чем-л.) ;
отвечать (for - за что-л.) ~ отчет;
to give an account (of smth.) давать отчет (в чем-л.) ;
to call to account призвать к ответу, потребовать объяснения, отчета ~ оценка ~ подсчет ~ причина, основание ~ расчет ~ расчет по биржевым сделкам ~ регистр ~ рекламодатель ~ сообщение ~ счет ~ счетная формула ~ считать за;
рассматривать как;
I account myself happy я считаю себя счастливым ~ счет, расчет;
подсчет;
for account (of smb.) за счет( кого-л.) ;
on account в счет (чего-л.) ~ торговый баланс ~ учетная статья в бухгалтерской книге ~ финансовый отчет~ attr.: ~ book конторская книга;
to be called to one's account, to go to one's account амер. to hand in one's account умереть~ attr.: ~ book конторская книга;
to be called to one's account, to go to one's account амер. to hand in one's account умереть book: account ~ бухгалтерская книга account ~ журнал бухгалтерского учета~ current текущий счет;
joint account общий счет;
to keep accounts бухг. вести книги current: account ~ (A/C) контокоррент account ~ (A/C) открытый счет account ~ (A/C) текущий банковский счет account ~ текущий счет~ for давать отчет ~ for нести ответственность ~ for объяснять ~ for отвечать ~ for отчитываться ~ for являться причиной~ for current operations отчет по текущим операциям~ for the accumulation of payments счет к оплате накопленных платежей~ for various payments счет к оплате различных платежей~ of commission счет комиссионных платежей~ subject to notice счет с уведомлением~ with correspondent bank счет в банке-корреспонденте~ with correspondent bank abroad счет в банке-корреспонденте за рубежом~ with overdraft facility счет, по которому допущен овердрафт ~ with overdraft facility счет с превышением кредитного лимита~ with the Treasury счет в министерстве финансовannual ~ годовая выписка со счета annual ~ годовой расчет annual ~ ежегодный финансовый отчет;
ежегодный бухгалтерский отчетappropriation ~ счет ассигнованийasset ~ бухг. счет активаassets held in post giro ~ активы на счете почтовых жиросчетовbalance ~ балансовый счетbalance an ~ закрывать счетbalance sheet ~ статья бухгалтерского балансаbank ~ банковский счет bank ~ счет в банке bank: ~ attr. банковый, банковский;
bank account счет в банке;
bank currency банкноты, выпущенные в обращение национальными банками~ attr.: ~ book конторская книга;
to be called to one's account, to go to one's account амер. to hand in one's account умеретьbill ~ счет векселейblock an ~ замораживать счетbuilding society ~ счет жилищно-строительного кооператива~ мнение, оценка;
by all accounts по общим отзывам;
to give a good account of oneself хорошо себя зарекомендовать~ отчет;
to give an account (of smth.) давать отчет (в чем-л.) ;
to call to account призвать к ответу, потребовать объяснения, отчета call: ~ to account привлекать к ответственностиcapital ~ of the balance of payments счет движения капитала в платежном балансе capital ~ of the balance of payments счет основного капитала в платежном балансеcash ~ кассовый счет cash ~ счет cash ~ счет кассыcashier's ~ кассовый счетcentral government's ~ правительственный счетcertificate-of-deposit ~ счет депозитного сертификатаcharge ~ кредит по открытому счету charge ~ счет charge ~ счет покупателя в магазинеcharges ~ счетchecking ~ текущий счет checking ~ чековый счетclient's ~ счет клиентаcommission ~ счет комиссионных платежейconsolidation ~ объединенный счетcontra ~ контрсчетcover ~ счетcredit ~ (амер.) кредит по открытому счету (в магазине) credit ~ счет пассива баланса credit ~ счет с кредитным сальдоcurrent ~ контокоррент current ~ открытый счет current ~ текущий платежный баланс current ~ текущий счетcurrent ~ of balance of payments открытый счет платежного баланса current ~ of balance of payments текущий счет платежного балансаcustomer's ~ счет клиента customer's ~ счет покупателяdead ~ заблокированный счетdebit ~ счет актива баланса debit ~ счет с дебетовым сальдоdebit an ~ относить на дебет счетаdeferred ~ счет с отсроченным получением суммdemand deposit ~ депозитный счетdeposit ~ авансовый счет deposit ~ депозитный счет deposit ~ срочный вкладdistribution ~ разделенный счетdollar ~ долларовый счетdrawer's ~ счет трассантаdrawings ~ счет расходов drawings ~ текущий счетeducational ~ счет за обучениеeducational savings ~ счет сбережений для получения образованияentertainment ~ счет на представительские расходыenvironmental ~ отчет о состоянии окружающей средыequalization ~ стабилизационный счет equalization ~ счет валютного регулированияescrow ~ счет, который находится в руках третьей стороны до урегулирования отношений между двумя принципалами escrow ~ счет в банке, на котором блокируются средства за покупку товара в качестве гарантии завершения товарообменной операции escrow ~ счет условного депонированияestablishment ~ счет организацииexhaustive ~ исчерпывающий отчетexpenditure ~ учет расходовexpense ~ счет подотчетных сумм expense ~ счет расходовfamily ~ семейный счет~ счет, расчет;
подсчет;
for account (of smb.) за счет (кого-л.) ;
on account в счет (чего-л.)for joint ~ на общий счет for joint ~ на объединенный счетforeign ~ банк. иностранный счетforeign currency ~ банковский счет в иностранной валютеforeign exchange ~ счет в иностранной валютеforwarding ~ счет за транспортировку forwarding ~ экспедиторский счетfreeze an ~ замораживать счетfreight ~ счет за перевозкуfrozen ~ заблокированный счет frozen ~ замороженный счетfurnish an ~ предоставлять отчетgeneral ledger ~ счет в главной бухгалтерской книге general ledger ~ счет в общей бухгалтерской книгеgiro ~ жирорасчет giro ~ жиросчет~ мнение, оценка;
by all accounts по общим отзывам;
to give a good account of oneself хорошо себя зарекомендовать~ отчет;
to give an account (of smth.) давать отчет (в чем-л.) ;
to call to account призвать к ответу, потребовать объяснения, отчета~ attr.: ~ book конторская книга;
to be called to one's account, to go to one's account амер. to hand in one's account умеретьthe great ~ рел. день страшного суда, судный деньguarantee ~ счет на поручителя~ attr.: ~ book конторская книга;
to be called to one's account, to go to one's account амер. to hand in one's account умеретьheating ~ выч. счет за отоплениеhomeownership savings ~ банк. счет сбережений от домовладения~ считать за;
рассматривать как;
I account myself happy я считаю себя счастливымimpersonal ~ счет, не принадлежащий конкретному лицуimprovements ~ счет затрат на усовершенствованияinactive ~ неактивный депозитный счет inactive ~ неактивный клиентский счетincome ~ счет доходовindex-linked savings ~ индексированный сберегательный счетindexed pension ~ индексированный пенсионный счетinstalment ~ счет платежей в рассрочкуinstalment savings ~ сберегательный счет для оплаты покупок в рассрочкуintercompany ~ межфирменный счетinterest ~ счет процентовinterest-bearing ~ счет, приносящий процентный доходinterest-bearing current ~ текущий счет, приносящий процентный доходinterim ~ промежуточный счетintermediate clearing ~ промежуточный клиринговый счетinvestment ~ счет для инвестиционных операцийinvestment fund ~ счет инвестиционного фондаinvestment income ~ счет доходов от капиталовложенийinvestment savings ~ сберегательный счет капиталовложенийitemized ~ детализированный счет itemized ~ счет с детальным перечислением бухгалтерских проводок itemized ~ счет с детальным перечислением операций~ current текущий счет;
joint account общий счет;
to keep accounts бухг. вести книги joint ~ общий счет joint ~ объединенный счетjoint venture ~ счет совместного предприятия~ current текущий счет;
joint account общий счет;
to keep accounts бухг. вести книги accounts: keep ~ бухг. вести счетаkey ~ рекл. основной счетto lay( one's) ~ (with smth.) принимать( что-л.) в расчет to lay (one's) ~ (with smth.) рассчитывать( на что-л.)to leave out of ~ не принимать во внимание;
not to hold of much account быть невысокого мнения;
to take into account принимать во внимание, в расчетliability ~ счет пассиваliquidity ~ счет ликвидностиloro ~ счет лороloss ~ счет убытковlottery ~ счет выигрышей~ значение, важность;
of no account, of small account, амер. no незначительный;
to make account of придавать значениеmargin ~ маржинальный счет margin ~ счет биржевого спекулянта у брокера по сделкам с маржейmaster interest ~ основной счет процентовmovement on the ~ движение на счетеnational giro ~ национальный жиросчетnational income ~ счет национального доходаnegotiated deposit ~ договорный депозитный счет~ значение, важность;
of no account, of small account, амер. no незначительный;
to make account of придавать значение need: I ~ not have done it мне не следовало этого делать;
must I go there? - No, you need not нужно ли мне туда идти?-Нет, не нужно no: no голос против ~ pron neg. не (= not a) ;
he is no fool он неглуп, он не дурак;
no such thing ничего подобного;
no doubt несомненно;
no wonder неудивительно ~ не (при сравн. ст. = not any, not at all) ~ нет;
no, I cannot нет, не могу ~ нет;
no, I cannot нет, не могу ~ pron neg. никакой (= not any;
перед существительным передается обыкн. словом нет) ;
he has no reason to be offended у него нет (никакой) причины обижаться ~ pron neg. означает запрещение, отсутствие;
no smoking! курить воспрещается! ~ отказ;
he will not take no for an answer он не примет отказа ~ (pl noes) отрицание;
two noes make a yes два отрицания равны утверждению ~ pron neg. с отглагольным существительным или герундием означает невозможность: there's no knowing what may happen нельзя знать, что может случиться ~ голосующие против;
the noes have it большинство противnoninterest bearing ~ счет без выплаты процентовto leave out of ~ не принимать во внимание;
not to hold of much account быть невысокого мнения;
to take into account принимать во внимание, в расчетnotice ~ закрытый счетnumbered ~ пронумерованный счет~ значение, важность;
of no account, of small account, амер. no незначительный;
to make account of придавать значение~ значение, важность;
of no account, of small account, амер. no незначительный;
to make account of придавать значениеoffset ~ контрсчет~ счет, расчет;
подсчет;
for account (of smb.) за счет (кого-л.) ;
on account в счет (чего-л.) on ~ в счет причитающейся суммы on ~ в частичное погашение причитающейся суммы on ~ на условиях кредита on ~ путем частичного платежа в счет причитающейся суммы on one's own ~ на свой страх и риск;
самостоятельно;
on (smb.'s) account ради( кого-л.)~ основание, причина;
on account of из-за, вследствие ;
on no account ни в коем случае on ~ of за счет on ~ of по причинеon current ~ на текущий счетon joint ~ на общем счете on joint ~ на общий счет~ основание, причина;
on account of из-за, вследствие ;
on no account ни в коем случаеon own ~ за собственный счет on own ~ на собственный счетon-demand ~ счет до востребования on-demand ~ текущий счетopen ~ контокоррент open ~ открытый счет open ~ текущий счетopen an ~ открывать счет open: ~ открывать, основывать;
to open a shop открыть магазин;
to open an account открыть счет (в банке)operations ~ счет по операциямothers' ~ счет "прочие"overdrawn ~ счет с превышенным кредитным лимитом overdrawn ~ счет со снятой суммой, превышающей остатокown ~ собственный счетpension savings ~ пенсионный сберегательный счетpersonal ~ личный счет personal ~ счет частного лицаpostage ~ счет почтовых сборовpremium savings ~ сберегательный счет страховых премийprivate ~ счет фирмы private ~ счет частного лицаprize ~ счет с премиальными начислениямиprofit and loss ~ баланс прибылей и убытковproprietorship ~ счет, обеспечивающий контроль над правом владения предприятием proprietorship ~ счет капиталаpublicity ~ счет расходов на рекламуrealization ~ счет реализации объектов основного капитала при ликвидации фирмыrebill ~ счет взаимных расчетовredemption ~ счет отчислений на амортизацию долгаreexchange ~ счет обратного переводного векселяrender an ~ предъявлять счет render: ~ представлять;
to render thanks приносить благодарность;
to render an account for payment представлять счет к оплате;
to render an account докладывать, давать отчетrental ~ счет арендной платыreplacement ~ счет на замену оборудованияreserve fund ~ счет резервного фондаresiduary ~ остаточный счетrest-of-the-world ~ счет заграничных операцийrevenue ~ счет доходов revenue ~ счет поступленийrunning ~ контокоррент, текущий счет running ~ контокоррент running ~ текущий счет running: ~ текущий;
running account текущий счетsafe-custody ~ депонирование ценных бумагsavings ~ сберегательный счетsavings bank ~ сберегательный счетsavings book ~ счет в банке, все операции по которому отражаются в специальной именной книжкеseparate ~ специальный счетto settle (или to square) accounts (with smb.) рассчитываться( с кем-л.) to settle (или to square) accounts (with smb.) сводить счеты( с кем-л.) accounts: settle ~ оплачивать счетаshare draft ~ чековый паевой счет, предлагаемый кредитным союзом (США)share premium ~ счет надбавок к курсу акций share premium ~ счет премий акцийshareholder ~ счет акционераshort-term capital ~ баланс движения краткосрочных капиталовsight deposit ~ текущий счетspecial arbitrage ~ специальный арбитражный счетspecial drawing ~ специальный открытый счетspecial settlement ~ специальный расчетный счетspeculation ~ счет спекулятивных сделокsubsidiary ~ вспомогательный счетsummary ~ заключительный баланс summary ~ итоговый счет summary ~ краткий отчет summary ~ обобщенный счет summary: ~ суммарный, краткий;
summary account краткий отчетsuspense ~ вспомогательный счет suspense ~ промежуточный счет suspense ~ счет переходящих сумм suspense ~ счет причитающихся сумм, взыскание которых сомнительно suspense ~ счет сомнительных дебиторовtake ~ of принимать во внимание take ~ of учитыватьto leave out of ~ не принимать во внимание;
not to hold of much account быть невысокого мнения;
to take into account принимать во внимание, в расчет take into ~ принимать во внимание take into ~ учитыватьtax ~ налоговый счетtax equalization ~ счет уравнительных налоговtax-privileged ~ счет с налоговыми льготамиtax-privileged savings ~ сберегательный счет с налоговыми льготами~ объяснять (for - что-л.) ;
this accounts for his behaviour вот чем объясняется его поведениеtime ~ срочный вкладtrading ~ счет, который ведется системой ТАЛИСМАН для каждого участника рынка (Великобритания) trading ~ торговый счетtrust ~ доверительный счет trust ~ счет по имуществу, отданному в доверительное управление trust ~ счет фондов социального страхования trust ~ траст, учитываемый на особом счетеaccount выгода, польза;
to turn to account использовать;
извлекать выгоду;
to turn a thing to account использовать (что-л.) в своих интересахaccount выгода, польза;
to turn to account использовать;
извлекать выгоду;
to turn a thing to account использовать (что-л.) в своих интересах turn: ~ to account вносить на счетuser ~ вчт. счет пользователяvariance ~ счет отклонений затрат от нормативного уровняvostro ~ счет востро vostro ~ счет лороwage ~ счет, на который перечисляется заработная платаwithdraw from ~ снимать со счетаworking ~ текущий счет -
13 insurance
nosiguranje• accident insurance osiguranje od nezgode• additional living expense insurance dopunsko osiguranje troљkova ћivota• adjustable life insurance promjenjivo ћivotno osiguranje• alien insurance company inozemno osiguravajuće druљtvo• alimony insurance osiguranje alimentacije• all-risk insurance osiguranje od svih rizika• alternative risk transfer insurance strategies ( ARTIS) strategije osiguranja od alternativnoga prijenosa rizika• automobile insurance plan osiguranje vozila• automobile liability insurance automobilsko osiguranje• aviation insurance osiguranje zrakoplova• bad debt insurance osiguranje protiv loљih zajmova (instrument osiguranja)• boiler and machinery insurance osiguranje kotla i strojeva• business life insurance komercijalno ћivotno osiguranje• cargo insurance osiguranje tereta• casualty insurance osiguranje od nezgode• certificate of insurance potvrda o osiguranju• commercial paper insurance osiguranje komercijalnih papira• commissioner of insurance povjerenik osiguranja• comprehensive major medical insurance kombinirano osiguranje velikih troљkova liječenja• comprehensive personal liability insurance kombinirano osiguranje od osobne odgovornosti• compulsory insurance obvezno osiguranje• contract of insurance ugovor o osiguranju• convertible term insurance promjenjivo ћivotno osiguranje s fiksnim trajanjem (moћe se pretvoriti u trajno osiguranje)• credit insurance osiguranje kredita• credit life insurance kreditno ћivotno osiguranje• crop-hail insurance osiguranje usjeva od tuče• defined benefit insurance policy mirovinski program s unaprijed određenim iznosom mirovine• dental insurance stomatoloљko osiguranje• deposit insurance depozitno osiguranje• direct life insurance (izravno) ћivotno osiguranje• direct non-life insurance (izravno) neћivotno osiguranje• endowment insurance osiguranje zaklade• equipment value insurance ( EVI) osiguranje vrijednosti opreme• excess insurance prekomjerno osiguranje• export credit insurance osiguranje izvoznih kredita• extended coverage insurance osiguranje proљirenoga pokrića• extended term insurance produljeno osiguranje• extended unemployment insurance benefit proљirena novčana potpora nezaposlenim osiguranicima• extra expense insurance osiguranje dodatnih troљkova• federal crime insurance program savezni program osiguranja od kriminala• federal flood insurance savezni program osiguranja od poplave• Federal Insurance Administration savezna uprava za osiguranje• financial guarantee insurance osiguranje financijskoga jamstva• fire insurance protupoћarno osiguranje, osiguranje za slučaj poћara• fixed income insurance product proizvod osiguranja s fiksnim dohotkom• foreign credit insurance association udruћenje za osiguranje inozemnoga kredita• franchise insurance grupno osiguranje osoba temeljem individualne procjene rizika• fraternal insurance osiguranje članova bratstva/tajnih druљtava/loћa• free-for-all insurance besplatno osiguranje• general liability insurance osiguranje od opće odgovornosti• group insurance grupno osiguranje• health insurance zdravstveno osiguranje• hull insurance ( in ocean marine and aviation insurance) kasko osiguranje (u osiguranju oceanskih brodova i zrakoplova)• improvements and betterments insurance osiguranje povećanja vrijednosti tuđe imovine nakon ulaganjaBilj.: Npr. kada zakupnik adaptira nekretninu kojom se koristi, ali koja nije njegovo vlasniљtvo• indeterminate premium life insurance premijsko ћivotno osiguranje na neodređeno vrijeme• industrial development bond insurance osiguranje obveznice za industrijski razvoj• industrial life insurance industrijsko ћivotno osiguranje• inland marine insurance osiguranje riječne mornarice• insurance binder osiguravateljsko obvezivanje• insurance broker broker u osiguranju, posrednik za osiguranje• insurance claims potraћivanja od osiguranja• insurance company osiguravajuće druљtvo• insurance company term loan (dugo)ročni zajam osiguravajućih druљtava• insurance corporation osiguravajuće druљtvo/poduzeće• insurance entity osiguravateljski subjekt• insurance group osiguravateljska grupacija• insurance industry osiguravateljska djelatnost• insurance policy polica osiguranja• insurance premium premija osiguranja• insurance premium prepayment pretplata premija osiguranja• insurance product osiguravateljski proizvod• insurance purchasing group grupa za kupovinu osiguranjaBilj.: Grupa koja od odobrenih osiguravatelja kupuje osiguranja od odgovornosti isključivo za svoje članove• Insurance Regulatory Information System ( IRIS) nadzorni informativni sustav osiguranja (NISO)• insurance risk osiguravateljski rizik• insurance service usluga osiguranja• Insurance Services Office ( ISO) ured za usluge u osiguranjuBilj.: Ured koji se bavi prikupljanjem statističih podataka, objavom premijskih stopa i izradom obrazaca polica u osiguranju imovine i odgovornosti• insurance supervisor direktor tijela za nadzor osiguravajućih druљtava• insurance technical reserves tehničke pričuve osiguranja (kapital osiguravajućega druљtva)• insurance undertaking osiguravajući pothvat; osiguravajuće poduzeće/tvrtka• joint life insurance zajedničko ћivotno osiguranje• jumping juvenile insurance polica osiguranja djeceBilj.: Vrijednost se police automatski povećava kad dijete navrљi određenu dob, obično kad postane punoljetno, bez plaćanja dodatne premije• key-persons insurance osiguranje ključnih osoba• legal expenses insurance osiguranje od troљkova sudskih postupaka• level premium insurance osiguranje s konstantnom premijom• life insurance ћivotno osiguranje• life insurance policy polica ћivotnoga osiguranja• life insurance reserves (tehničke) pričuve (ћivotnog) osiguranja• major medical expense insurance zdravstveno osiguranje koje pokriva velike troљkove liječenja• marine insurance pomorsko osiguranje• multiple-line insurance paket polica osiguranja (polica koja pokriva viљe vrsta osiguranja)• municipal bond guarantee insurance osiguranje jamstva općinske obvezniceBilj.: Osiguranje koje jamči isplatu glavnice i kamate na obveznice koje izdaju općinske ili lokalne uprave (za financiranje raznih projekata poput izgradnje љkola ili stambenih objekata) u slučaju da izdavatelj nema sredstava za isplatu• municipal lease insurance osiguranje općinskoga zakupa• mutual insurance company druљtvo za uzajamno osiguranje• national insurance drћavno (socijalno) osiguranje• no-fault insurance kasko osiguranjeBilj.: Zakon prema kojemu oљtećenik u automobilskoj nezgodi moћe postaviti odљtetni zahtjev za liječničke i bolničke troљkove izravno svomu osiguravatelju bez obzira na to tko je skrivio nezgodu• non-life insurance neћivotno osiguranje• non-life insurance claims potraћivanja (zbog) neћivotnoga osiguranja• nonparticipating insurance osiguranje bez sudjelovanja u dobiti• ocean marine insurance prekooceansko pomorsko osiguranje• ordinary life insurance obično osiguranje ћivotaBilj.: Sve vrste osiguranja ћivota osim industrijskoga osiguranja ћivota• outage insurance osiguranje gubitka zarade (nakon prekida rada zbog osigurane opasnosti)• paid-up insurance otplaćeno osiguranje• participating insurance osiguranje sa sudjelovanjem u dobitiBilj.: Osiguranje koje proporcionalno sudjeluje u istom riziku s drugim osiguranjima• permanent life insurance trajno ћivotno osiguranje• personal insurance osobno osiguranje• private insurance privatno osiguranje• property insurance imovinsko osiguranje• Protection and Indemnity insurance (P&I) osiguranje P&IBilj.: U pomorskom osiguranju, osiguranje preko klubova P&I• public guarantee insurance programme program osiguranja drћavnih jamstava• reduced paid-up insurance umanjeno otplaćeno osiguranje• regular medical expense insurance osiguranje redovitih troљkova liječenja• relation of earnings to insurance clause klauzula o odnosu zarade i osiguranja• renewable term insurance obnovljivo osiguranje• rental value insurance osiguranje vrijednosti najamnine• replacement cost insurance osiguranje troљkova zamjene stvari• sickness insurance osiguranje za slučaj bolesti• social insurance socijalno osiguranje• stock insurance company dioničko druљtvo za osiguranje• straight life insurance izravno osiguranje ћivotaBilj.: Osiguranje kod kojega se premija plaća do kraja ћivota• suplementary medical insurance ( SMI) dopunsko zdravstveno osiguranje• surety insurance osiguranje uz jamstvo• term insurance osiguranje s rokom• third party insurance osiguranje od građanskopravne odgovornosti• time element insurance osiguranje temeljeno na vremenskom trajanju љtete• title insurance osiguranje prava vlasniљtva• transport insurance osiguranje prijevoza• transportation insurance osiguranje transporta/prijevoza• umbrella liability insurance krovno osiguranje odgovornosti• unit-linked insurance policy polica osiguranja povezanoga s investicijskim fondovima• universal life insurance univerzalno ћivotno osiguranje• whole-life insurance doћivotno osiguranjeEnglesko-Hrvatski Glosar bankarstva, osiguranja i ostalih financijskih usluga > insurance
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14 extranet
E-coma closed network of Web sites and e-mail systems that is open to people outside as well as inside an organization. An extranet enables third-party access to internal applications or information—usually subject to some kind of signed agreement. This is useful for organizations that need to share internal systems and information with potential partners. As with intranets, extranets provide all the benefits of Internet technology (browsers, Web servers, HTML, etc.) with the added benefit of security, being confined to an isolated network.Because this is a work environment and partners enter it to access information as quickly as possible, extranet design generally focuses on minimal graphics and maximum content. Security being a key issue, it is generally password-protected in order to maintain confidentiality. Content management is also essential, as the extranet is only as useful as the information it contains. Many extranets fall down because the content is not updated and managed properly. -
15 account
[əˈkaunt]absorption account поглощающий счет acceptance account акцептный счет account выгода, польза; to turn to account использовать; извлекать выгоду; to turn a thing to account использовать (что-л.) в своих интересах account выгода, польза account выгода account доклад; сообщение; отчет account доклад account заказчик рекламного агентства account запись финансовой операции account значение, важность; of no account, of small account, амер. no незначительный; to make account of придавать значение account значение, важность account иск с требованием отчетности account клиент рекламного агентства account мнение, оценка; by all accounts по общим отзывам; to give a good account of oneself хорошо себя зарекомендовать account мнение account объяснять (for - что-л.); this accounts for his behaviour вот чем объясняется его поведение account операционный период на Лондонской фондовой бирже account основание, причина; on account of из-за, вследствие ; on no account ни в коем случае account отзыв account отчет account отчет об исполнении государственного бюджета (Великобритания) account отчетность account отчитываться (for - в чем-л.); отвечать (for - за что-л.) account отчет; to give an account (of smth.) давать отчет (в чем-л.); to call to account призвать к ответу, потребовать объяснения, отчета account оценка account подсчет account причина, основание account расчет account расчет по биржевым сделкам account регистр account рекламодатель account сообщение account счет account счетная формула account считать за; рассматривать как; I account myself happy я считаю себя счастливым account счет, расчет; подсчет; for account (of smb.) за счет (кого-л.); on account в счет (чего-л.) account торговый баланс account учетная статья в бухгалтерской книге account финансовый отчет account attr.: account book конторская книга; to be called to one's account, to go to one's account амер. to hand in one's account умереть account attr.: account book конторская книга; to be called to one's account, to go to one's account амер. to hand in one's account умереть book: account account бухгалтерская книга account account журнал бухгалтерского учета account current текущий счет; joint account общий счет; to keep accounts бухг. вести книги current: account account (A/C) контокоррент account account (A/C) открытый счет account account (A/C) текущий банковский счет account account текущий счет account for давать отчет account for нести ответственность account for объяснять account for отвечать account for отчитываться account for являться причиной account for current operations отчет по текущим операциям account for new buildings счет к оплате за новые здания account for the accumulation of payments счет к оплате накопленных платежей account for various payments счет к оплате различных платежей account of charges счет издержек account of charges счет накладных расходов account of commission счет комиссионных платежей account of estate счет за имущество account of goods purchased счет на закупленные товары account of heating expenses счет затрат на отопление account of recourse счет с правом регресса account of third party депозитный счет, допускающий платежи в пользу третьих лиц account subject to notice счет с уведомлением account with correspondent bank счет в банке-корреспонденте account with correspondent bank abroad счет в банке-корреспонденте за рубежом account with overdraft facility счет, по которому допущен овердрафт account with overdraft facility счет с превышением кредитного лимита account with the Treasury счет в министерстве финансов advertising account счет за рекламу annual account годовая выписка со счета annual account годовой расчет annual account ежегодный финансовый отчет; ежегодный бухгалтерский отчет appropriation account счет ассигнований asset account бухг. счет актива assets held in post giro account активы на счете почтовых жиросчетов balance account балансовый счет balance an account закрывать счет balance sheet account статья бухгалтерского баланса balance sheet in account form балансовый отчет в виде счета bank account банковский счет bank account счет в банке bank: account attr. банковый, банковский; bank account счет в банке; bank currency банкноты, выпущенные в обращение национальными банками account attr.: account book конторская книга; to be called to one's account, to go to one's account амер. to hand in one's account умереть bill account счет векселей bills payable account счет векселей к уплате block an account замораживать счет blocked account блокированный счет blocked account заблокированный счет blocked account замороженный счет bonus account счет тантьемы brief account краткое изложение bring the surplus to account записывать излишки на счет budget account бюджетный счет budget account семейный счет budget account счет потребительского кредита building society account счет жилищно-строительного кооператива business account счет предприятий business establishment savings account сберегательный счет делового предприятия account мнение, оценка; by all accounts по общим отзывам; to give a good account of oneself хорошо себя зарекомендовать account отчет; to give an account (of smth.) давать отчет (в чем-л.); to call to account призвать к ответу, потребовать объяснения, отчета call: account to account привлекать к ответственности capital account баланс движения капиталов capital account счет основного капитала capital account of the balance of payments счет движения капитала в платежном балансе capital account of the balance of payments счет основного капитала в платежном балансе capital gains and losses account счет доходов от прироста капитала и убытков cash account кассовый счет cash account счет cash account счет кассы cashier's account кассовый счет central government's account правительственный счет certificate-of-deposit account счет депозитного сертификата charge account кредит по открытому счету charge account счет charge account счет покупателя в магазине charges account счет checking account текущий счет checking account чековый счет cheque account чековый счет cheque only for account чек только для безналичных расчетов child savings account детский сберегательный счет clearing account безналичный расчет между банками clearing account клиринговый счет client's account счет клиента close an account закрывать счет commission account счет комиссионных платежей company account счет компании consolidation account объединенный счет contra account контрсчет contributory pension account счет взносов в пенсионный фонд control account контрольный счет cost control account контрольный счет затрат cost control account субсчет затрат costing account счет издержек cover account счет credit account (амер.) кредит по открытому счету (в магазине) credit account счет пассива баланса credit account счет с кредитным сальдо current account контокоррент current account открытый счет current account текущий платежный баланс current account текущий счет current account of balance of payments открытый счет платежного баланса current account of balance of payments текущий счет платежного баланса customer's account счет клиента customer's account счет покупателя dead account заблокированный счет debit account счет актива баланса debit account счет с дебетовым сальдо debit an account относить на дебет счета deferred account счет с отсроченным получением сумм deferred tax account счет отсроченного налога deficiency account дефицитный счет demand deposit account депозитный счет departmental account ведомственный счет deposit account авансовый счет deposit account депозитный счет deposit account срочный вклад detail account подробный отчет distribution account разделенный счет dollar account долларовый счет dormant account неактивный депозитный счет dormant account неактивный клиентский счет drawer's account счет трассанта drawings account счет расходов drawings account текущий счет educational account счет за обучение educational savings account счет сбережений для получения образования entertainment account счет на представительские расходы environmental account отчет о состоянии окружающей среды equalization account стабилизационный счет equalization account счет валютного регулирования escrow account счет, который находится в руках третьей стороны до урегулирования отношений между двумя принципалами escrow account счет в банке, на котором блокируются средства за покупку товара в качестве гарантии завершения товарообменной операции escrow account счет условного депонирования establishment account счет организации exhaustive account исчерпывающий отчет expenditure account учет расходов expense account счет подотчетных сумм expense account счет расходов family account семейный счет final account итоговый отчет final account окончательный расчет fixed asset account счет основного капитала fixed-term deposit account срочный вклад account счет, расчет; подсчет; for account (of smb.) за счет (кого-л.); on account в счет (чего-л.) for joint account на общий счет for joint account на объединенный счет foreign account банк. иностранный счет foreign currency account банковский счет в иностранной валюте foreign exchange account счет в иностранной валюте forwarding account счет за транспортировку forwarding account экспедиторский счет freeze an account замораживать счет freight account счет за перевозку frozen account заблокированный счет frozen account замороженный счет furnish an account предоставлять отчет general average account мор.страх. счет по общей аварии general ledger account счет в главной бухгалтерской книге general ledger account счет в общей бухгалтерской книге giro account жирорасчет giro account жиросчет account мнение, оценка; by all accounts по общим отзывам; to give a good account of oneself хорошо себя зарекомендовать account отчет; to give an account (of smth.) давать отчет (в чем-л.); to call to account призвать к ответу, потребовать объяснения, отчета account attr.: account book конторская книга; to be called to one's account, to go to one's account амер. to hand in one's account умереть the great account рел. день страшного суда, судный день guarantee account счет на поручителя account attr.: account book конторская книга; to be called to one's account, to go to one's account амер. to hand in one's account умереть heating account выч. счет за отопление homeownership savings account банк. счет сбережений от домовладения account считать за; рассматривать как; I account myself happy я считаю себя счастливым impersonal account счет, не принадлежащий конкретному лицу improvements account счет затрат на усовершенствования inactive account неактивный депозитный счет inactive account неактивный клиентский счет income account счет доходов index-linked savings account индексированный сберегательный счет indexed pension account индексированный пенсионный счет instalment account счет платежей в рассрочку instalment savings account сберегательный счет для оплаты покупок в рассрочку intercompany account межфирменный счет interest account счет процентов interest-bearing account счет, приносящий процентный доход interest-bearing current account текущий счет, приносящий процентный доход interim account промежуточный счет intermediate clearing account промежуточный клиринговый счет investment account счет для инвестиционных операций investment fund account счет инвестиционного фонда investment income account счет доходов от капиталовложений investment savings account сберегательный счет капиталовложений itemized account детализированный счет itemized account счет с детальным перечислением бухгалтерских проводок itemized account счет с детальным перечислением операций account current текущий счет; joint account общий счет; to keep accounts бухг. вести книги joint account общий счет joint account объединенный счет joint venture account счет совместного предприятия account current текущий счет; joint account общий счет; to keep accounts бухг. вести книги accounts: keep account бухг. вести счета key account рекл. основной счет to lay (one's) account (with smth.) принимать (что-л.) в расчет to lay (one's) account (with smth.) рассчитывать (на что-л.) to leave out of account не принимать во внимание; not to hold of much account быть невысокого мнения; to take into account принимать во внимание, в расчет liability account счет пассива liquidity account счет ликвидности loan account ссудный счет loan account счет ссуд loro account счет лоро loss account счет убытков lottery account счет выигрышей maintain an account иметь счет в банке maintenance account счет эксплуатационных издержек account значение, важность; of no account, of small account, амер. no незначительный; to make account of придавать значение margin account маржинальный счет margin account счет биржевого спекулянта у брокера по сделкам с маржей master account основной счет master interest account основной счет процентов materials account счет на материалы month-end account расчет на конец месяца monthly account ежемесячный расчет monthly account ежемесячный счет movement on the account движение на счете national giro account национальный жиросчет national income account счет национального дохода negotiated deposit account договорный депозитный счет account значение, важность; of no account, of small account, амер. no незначительный; to make account of придавать значение need: I account not have done it мне не следовало этого делать; must I go there? - No, you need not нужно ли мне туда идти?-Нет, не нужно no: no голос против account pron neg. не (= not a); he is no fool он неглуп, он не дурак; no such thing ничего подобного; no doubt несомненно; no wonder неудивительно account не (при сравн. ст. = not any, not at all) account нет; no, I cannot нет, не могу account нет; no, I cannot нет, не могу account pron neg. никакой (= not any; перед существительным передается обыкн. словом нет); he has no reason to be offended у него нет (никакой) причины обижаться account pron neg. означает запрещение, отсутствие; no smoking! курить воспрещается! account отказ; he will not take no for an answer он не примет отказа account (pl noes) отрицание; two noes make a yes два отрицания равны утверждению account pron neg. с отглагольным существительным или герундием означает невозможность: there's no knowing what may happen нельзя знать, что может случиться account голосующие против; the noes have it большинство против nominal account активно-пассивный счет nominal account номинальный счет nominal account пассивный счет noninterest bearing account счет без выплаты процентов nostro account счет ностро to leave out of account не принимать во внимание; not to hold of much account быть невысокого мнения; to take into account принимать во внимание, в расчет notice account закрытый счет numbered account пронумерованный счет account значение, важность; of no account, of small account, амер. no незначительный; to make account of придавать значение account значение, важность; of no account, of small account, амер. no незначительный; to make account of придавать значение offset account контрсчет account счет, расчет; подсчет; for account (of smb.) за счет (кого-л.); on account в счет (чего-л.) on account в счет причитающейся суммы on account в частичное погашение причитающейся суммы on account на условиях кредита on account путем частичного платежа в счет причитающейся суммы on one's own account на свой страх и риск; самостоятельно; on (smb.'s) account ради (кого-л.) account основание, причина; on account of из-за, вследствие ; on no account ни в коем случае on account of за счет on account of по причине on current account на текущий счет on joint account на общем счете on joint account на общий счет account основание, причина; on account of из-за, вследствие ; on no account ни в коем случае on one's own account на свой страх и риск; самостоятельно; on (smb.'s) account ради (кого-л.) on own account за собственный счет on own account на собственный счет on-demand account счет до востребования on-demand account текущий счет open account контокоррент open account открытый счет open account текущий счет open an account открывать счет open: account открывать, основывать; to open a shop открыть магазин; to open an account открыть счет (в банке) operating account действующий счет operations account счет по операциям order account счет заказов others' account счет "прочие" outstanding account незавершенный расчет outstanding account неоплаченный счет overdrawn account счет с превышенным кредитным лимитом overdrawn account счет со снятой суммой, превышающей остаток own account собственный счет payment on account уплата в счет причитающейся суммы payment: account on account оплата по безналичному расчету payroll account счет заработной платы pension savings account пенсионный сберегательный счет personal account личный счет personal account счет частного лица piecework account счет на сдельные работы postage account счет почтовых сборов postal account почтовый счет premium savings account сберегательный счет страховых премий private account счет фирмы private account счет частного лица prize account счет с премиальными начислениями pro forma account фиктивный счет production account производственный счет profit and loss account баланс прибылей и убытков proprietorship account счет, обеспечивающий контроль над правом владения предприятием proprietorship account счет капитала provisional account временный счет publicity account счет расходов на рекламу quarterly account счет за квартал realization account счет реализации объектов основного капитала при ликвидации фирмы rebill account счет взаимных расчетов redemption account счет отчислений на амортизацию долга reexchange account счет обратного переводного векселя render an account предъявлять счет render: account представлять; to render thanks приносить благодарность; to render an account for payment представлять счет к оплате; to render an account докладывать, давать отчет rental account счет арендной платы replacement account счет на замену оборудования reserve account резервный счет reserve fund account счет резервного фонда residuary account остаточный счет rest-of-the-world account счет заграничных операций revenue account счет доходов revenue account счет поступлений running account контокоррент, текущий счет running account контокоррент running account текущий счет running: account текущий; running account текущий счет safe-custody account депонирование ценных бумаг salary account счет заработной платы sales account счет продаж savings account сберегательный счет savings bank account сберегательный счет savings book account счет в банке, все операции по которому отражаются в специальной именной книжке sectional account вспомогательный счет separate account специальный счет to settle (или to square) accounts (with smb.) рассчитываться (с кем-л.) to settle (или to square) accounts (with smb.) сводить счеты (с кем-л.) accounts: settle account оплачивать счета share account паевой счет (в кредитном союзе) share certificate account паевой счет в кредитном союзе (США) share draft account чековый паевой счет, предлагаемый кредитным союзом (США) share premium account счет надбавок к курсу акций share premium account счет премий акций shareholder account счет акционера short-term capital account баланс движения краткосрочных капиталов sight deposit account текущий счет special account отдельный счет special arbitrage account специальный арбитражный счет special drawing account специальный открытый счет special settlement account специальный расчетный счет speculation account счет спекулятивных сделок subsidiary account вспомогательный счет summary account заключительный баланс summary account итоговый счет summary account краткий отчет summary account обобщенный счет summary: account суммарный, краткий; summary account краткий отчет suspense account вспомогательный счет suspense account промежуточный счет suspense account счет переходящих сумм suspense account счет причитающихся сумм, взыскание которых сомнительно suspense account счет сомнительных дебиторов take account of принимать во внимание take account of учитывать to leave out of account не принимать во внимание; not to hold of much account быть невысокого мнения; to take into account принимать во внимание, в расчет take into account принимать во внимание take into account учитывать tax account налоговый счет tax equalization account счет уравнительных налогов tax-privileged account счет с налоговыми льготами tax-privileged savings account сберегательный счет с налоговыми льготами account объяснять (for - что-л.); this accounts for his behaviour вот чем объясняется его поведение time account срочный вклад trading account счет, который ведется системой ТАЛИСМАН для каждого участника рынка (Великобритания) trading account торговый счет travel account туризм (статья в платежном балансе) trust account доверительный счет trust account счет по имуществу, отданному в доверительное управление trust account счет фондов социального страхования trust account траст, учитываемый на особом счете account выгода, польза; to turn to account использовать; извлекать выгоду; to turn a thing to account использовать (что-л.) в своих интересах account выгода, польза; to turn to account использовать; извлекать выгоду; to turn a thing to account использовать (что-л.) в своих интересах turn: account to account вносить на счет unsettled account неоплаченный счет unsettled account неурегулированный счет user account вчт. счет пользователя value adjustment account счет скорректированной стоимости variance account счет отклонений затрат от нормативного уровня vostro account счет востро vostro account счет лоро wage account счет, на который перечисляется заработная плата withdraw from account снимать со счета working account текущий счет written account выписанный счет -
16 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
17 Chronology
15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence ofBrazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister. -
18 major
1. adjective1) attrib. (greater) größer...major part — Großteil, der
2) attrib. (important) bedeutend...; (serious) schwer [Unfall, Krankheit, Unglück, Unruhen]; größer... [Krieg, Angriff, Durchbruch]; schwer, größer... [Operation]of major interest/importance — von größerem Interesse/von größerer Bedeutung
major road — (important) Hauptverkehrsstraße, die; (having priority) Vorfahrtsstraße, die
3) (Mus.) Dur-2. nounin a major key — in Dur
1) (Mil.) Major, der2) (Amer. Univ.) Hauptfach, das3. intransitive verb(Amer. Univ.)major in something — etwas als Hauptfach haben
* * *['mei‹ə] 1. adjective 2. noun2) ((American) the subject in which you specialize at college or university: a major in physics; Her major is psychology.)3. verb((with in) (American) to study a certain subject in which you specialize at college or university: She is majoring in philosophy.)- academic.ru/44717/majority">majority- major-general
- the age of majority* * *ma·jor[ˈmeɪʤəʳ, AM -ɚ]a \major contribution ein bedeutender [o wichtiger] Beitraga \major event ein bedeutendes Ereignis; (main) Haupt-\major artery Hauptschlagader fyour car is going to need a \major overhaul ihr Auto muss von Grund auf überholt werdena \major catastrophe eine große Katastropheto be a \major influence großen Einfluss habena \major problem ein großes Problema \major crime ein schweres Verbrechento have \major depression eine starke Depression habena \major illness eine schwerwiegende Krankheitto undergo \major surgery sich akk einer größeren Operation unterziehenit's quite a \major operation es ist eine ziemlich komplizierte Operationin C \major in C-DurSmythe \major Smythe der ÄltereII. nshe was a philosophy \major sie hat Philosophie im Hauptfach studiertto have a \major in literature/history/maths Literatur/Geschichte/Mathematik als Hauptfach habento \major in German studies/physics/biology Deutsch/Physik/Biologie als Hauptfach studieren* * *['meɪdZə(r)]1. adj1) Haupt-; (= of great importance) bedeutend; cause, factor wesentlich; incident schwerwiegend, schwer wiegend; part, role groß, führend; (POL) party groß, führend; (= of great extent) großa major road —
a major factor in our decision/his defeat — ein wesentlicher Faktor bei unserem Entschluss/seiner Niederlage
a major poet —
Sapporo, the major city on Hokkaido — Sapporo, die wichtigste Stadt auf Hokkaido
matters of major interest — Angelegenheiten pl von großem or größerem Interesse
major chord — Durakkord m
A flat major — As-Dur nt
3)2. n3) (JUR)4) (US: subject) Hauptfach nthe's a psychology major — Psychologie ist/war sein Hauptfach
3. vi (US)to major in French — Französisch als Hauptfach studieren, das Examen mit Französisch im Hauptfach ablegen
* * *major [ˈmeıdʒə(r)]A s1. MIL Major m2. UNIV USa) Hauptfach nb) Student, der Geschichte etc als Hauptfach belegt hat:she’s a history major sie studiert als oder im Hauptfach Geschichte3. JUR Volljährige(r) m/f(m), Mündige(r) m/f(m):become a major volljährig oder mündig werden4. MUSa) Dur nb) Durakkord mc) Durtonart f5. Logik:B adj1. größer(er, e, es) (auch fig an Bedeutung, Interesse etc), fig auch bedeutend, wichtig, schwerwiegend:major illness schwer(er)e Krankheit;major party POL große Partei;major penalty (Eishockey) große Strafe;major poet großer Dichter;major repairs größere Reparaturen;major road Haupt(verkehrs)straße f;2. Mehrheits…:major vote die von der Mehrheit abgegebenen Stimmen pl3. JUR volljährig, mündig4. MUSa) groß (Terz etc)b) Dur…:C major C-Dur n5. US Hauptfach…6. der ältere oder erste:Cato Major der ältere Cato* * *1. adjective1) attrib. (greater) größer...major part — Großteil, der
2) attrib. (important) bedeutend...; (serious) schwer [Unfall, Krankheit, Unglück, Unruhen]; größer... [Krieg, Angriff, Durchbruch]; schwer, größer... [Operation]of major interest/importance — von größerem Interesse/von größerer Bedeutung
major road — (important) Hauptverkehrsstraße, die; (having priority) Vorfahrtsstraße, die
3) (Mus.) Dur-2. noun1) (Mil.) Major, der2) (Amer. Univ.) Hauptfach, das3. intransitive verb(Amer. Univ.)* * *adj.Haupt- präfix.größt adj.hauptsächlich adj. n.Major -e m. -
19 minor
1. adjective1) (lesser) kleiner...2) (unimportant) weniger bedeutend; geringer [Bedeutung]; leicht [Operation, Verletzung, Anfall]; Neben[figur, -rolle]minor matter — Nebensächlichkeit, die
3) (Mus.) Moll-minor key/chord — Molltonart, die/Mollakkord, der
2. nounin a minor key — in Moll
1) (person) Minderjährige, der/die2) (Amer. Univ.) Nebenfach, das3. intransitive verb(Amer.)minor in something — etwas als Nebenfach haben
* * *1. adjective1) (less, or little, in importance, size etc: Always halt when driving from a minor road on to a major road; She has to go into hospital for a minor operation.) kleiner2) ((American) a secondary subject that a student chooses to study at university or college: Her major is in physics, but she has a minor in computer science.)2. verb 3. noun(a person who is not yet legally an adult.) der/die Minderjährige- academic.ru/47121/minority">minority- be in the minority* * *mi·nor[ˈmaɪnəʳ, AM -ɚ]I. adj1. (small) detail, problem, criticism nebensächlich; character, plot unbedeutend; crime, violation geringfügig; improvement, repair unwichtig; accident, incident leicht; interest, hobby klein\minor road Nebenstraße f\minor alteration/tiff kleine Veränderung/Meinungsverschiedenheitto be of \minor importance von geringer Bedeutung seina \minor author/composer/poet ein unbedeutender Schriftsteller/Komponist/Poet\minor injury leichte Verletzung\minor operation kleiner Eingriff\minor chord Mollakkord m\minor key Molltonart fa \minor note ein Ton in Moll\minor scale Molltonleiter fSmith \minor Smith juniorII. n▪ the \minors pl niedrige Klassenhe has a literature major with a \minor in linguistics er studiert Literatur im Hauptfach mit Linguistik im Nebenfachto \minor in biology/linguistics/maths Biologie/Linguistik/Mathematik im Nebenfach studieren* * *['maɪnə(r)]1. adj1) (= of lesser extent) kleiner; (= of lesser importance) unbedeutend, unwichtig; offence, illness, operation, injuries leicht; surgery klein; interest, importance geringer; poet, position unbedeutend; prophet, planet kleina minor role — eine Nebenrolle, eine kleinere Rolle
he only played a minor role in the company — er spielte in der Firma nur eine untergeordnete Rolle
I have one or two minor criticisms of the hotel — ich habe an dem Hotel nur ein paar Kleinigkeiten auszusetzen
minor key — Molltonart f
G/E flat/C sharp minor — g-/es-/cis-Moll
minor third the novel ends in a minor key or on a minor note — kleine Terz der Roman endet mit einer traurigen Note
3) (Brit SCH inf)2. n1) (MUS)the music shifts to the minor — die Musik wechselt nach Moll über or geht in die Molltonart über
3. vi (US UNIV)im Nebenfach studieren ( in +acc)* * *minor [ˈmaınə(r)]A adj1. a) kleiner(er, e, es), geringer(er, e, es)b) klein, unbedeutend, geringfügigof minor importance von zweitrangiger Bedeutung;receive minor injuries leicht verletzt werden;minor party POL kleine Partei;minor penalty (Eishockey) kleine Strafe;minor planet ASTRON kleiner Planet;minor premise → B 3;the Minor Prophets BIBEL die kleinen Propheten;minor sentence LING unvollständiger Satz;minor subject → B 5;2. Neben…, Hilfs…, Unter…:a minor group eine Untergruppe3. JUR minderjährig, unmündig4. SCHULE Br jünger:Smith minor Smith der Jüngere5. MUSa) klein (Terz etc)b) Moll…:C minor c-moll;minor key Moll(tonart) n(f);in a minor key fig gedämpft; im Kleinen;minor mode Mollgeschlecht n;minor scale Molltonleiter fB s1. JUR Minderjährige(r) m/f(m), Unmündige(r) m/f(m)2. MUSa) Moll nb) Mollakkord mc) Molltonart f3. PHIL Untersatz m5. UNIV US Nebenfach n* * *1. adjective1) (lesser) kleiner...2) (unimportant) weniger bedeutend; geringer [Bedeutung]; leicht [Operation, Verletzung, Anfall]; Neben[figur, -rolle]minor matter — Nebensächlichkeit, die
3) (Mus.) Moll-2. nounminor key/chord — Molltonart, die/Mollakkord, der
1) (person) Minderjährige, der/die2) (Amer. Univ.) Nebenfach, das3. intransitive verb(Amer.)* * *adj.geringer adj.kleiner adj. n.Minderjährige m.,f. -
20 turn
tə:n 1. verb1) (to (make something) move or go round; to revolve: The wheels turned; He turned the handle.) snu, dreie, gå rundt, vende, vri2) (to face or go in another direction: He turned and walked away; She turned towards him.) snu (seg), dreie (seg)3) (to change direction: The road turned to the left.) snu, bikke, bøye av4) (to direct; to aim or point: He turned his attention to his work.) snu (seg), vende seg mot5) (to go round: They turned the corner.) gå rundt6) (to (cause something to) become or change to: You can't turn lead into gold; At what temperature does water turn into ice?) forvandle(s), bli til7) (to (cause to) change colour to: Her hair turned white; The shock turned his hair white.) skifte farge2. noun1) (an act of turning: He gave the handle a turn.) (om)dreiing, sving, vending2) (a winding or coil: There are eighty turns of wire on this aerial.) kveil, tørn, bukt3) ((also turning) a point where one can change direction, eg where one road joins another: Take the third turn(ing) on/to the left.) (vei)sving; sidevei4) (one's chance or duty (to do, have etc something shared by several people): It's your turn to choose a record; You'll have to wait your turn in the bathroom.) tur, omgang5) (one of a series of short circus or variety acts, or the person or persons who perform it: The show opened with a comedy turn.) nummer•- turnover
- turnstile
- turntable
- turn-up
- by turns
- do someone a good turn
- do a good turn
- in turn
- by turns
- out of turn
- speak out of turn
- take a turn for the better
- worse
- take turns
- turn a blind eye
- turn against
- turn away
- turn back
- turn down
- turn in
- turn loose
- turn off
- turn on
- turn out
- turn over
- turn updreie--------kurve--------snu--------svinge--------vendingIsubst. \/tɜːn\/1) vending, vridning, dreining, sving(ing)2) snuing, helomvending3) omdreining, vridning4) sving, kurve5) ( ved retningsangivelse) gate, vei6) sidevei7) vending, vendepunkt, retningsendring8) skifte9) forandring, (om)skiftning, endring, omslag10) tur, omgang11) skift, (arbeids)tørn13) tjeneste14) legning, anlegg, medfødt evne, sansjeg har teknisk sans, jeg er teknisk anlagt16) liten tur, runde, slag, promenade18) opptredende (i nummer)19) anfall, ri, raptus, tokt21) ( hverdagslig) sjokk, støkk, forskrekkelse22) formulering23) form24) preg, form, stilat every turn hvor man enn snur og vender seg, overalt ved enhver anledning, i tide og utide, bestandigby the turn of a hair på hengende håret, med nød og neppe, på håretby turns i tur og orden på omgang vekselvis, skiftevisdone to a turn (amer., hverdagslig) vellaget, passe stekt, passe koktdo somebody a good turn gjøre noen en stor tjenestegive a new turn to gi en ny tolkninggive turn for turn gi igjen med samme mynta good turn en god gjerninghave a turn forsøke, sette i gangin turn i tur og ordenvekselvis, skiftevis igjen, atter i sin tur, på sin side• and this, in turn, means• he, in turn, thinksit serves its turn det tjener sin hensikt, det gjør nyttenone good turn deserves another den ene tjenesten er den andre verdtout of turn utenfor tur, når det ikke er ens turi utide taktløstserve somebody's turn tjene noens hensikterspeak out of turn uttale seg taktløst, snakke om noe man ikke skal snakke omtake a turn at hjelpe til med, ta i et tak medtake turns skifte på, bytte påtake turns in doing something eller take something in turns bytte på å gjøre noetake turns with somebody bytte på med noento a turn på en prikk ( spesielt om matlaging) perfekt, utmerketto the turn of a hair på en prikk på håretturn and turn about vekselvis, skiftevis, etter tur, i tur og ordena turn of expression (en) uttrykksmåteturn of mind sinnelag innstilling, tankeganghun er praktisk anlagt, hun har praktisk sansa turn of speech (en) talemåte, (en) vendingturn of the scales ( om vekt) utslagturn of the screw skjerpelse, intensiveringwait one's turn vente på turIIverb \/tɜːn\/1) snu (på), vende (på), vri (på), dreie (på), snu rundt, vende om, dreie rundt, vri rundt, vri om2) vende bort3) snu, vende (om), gjøre helomvending• shall we turn and go back now?4) snu seg, vende seghan hørte noen rope på ham, men snudde seg ikke5) svinge (av), ta av, bøye avta av til høyre, svinge av til høyre6) skru (på), snurre (på), sno, sveive, svinge på, svinge rundt, dreie om, snu rundt7) svinge (rundt), snurre (rundt), vri seg (rundt), gå rundt, rotere• what turns the wheels?8) ( overført) snu og vende på9) stramme (til)10) ( på dreiebenk) dreie, forme11) formulere spirituelt og elegant, turnere12) runde, passere13) ( militærvesen) omgå14) rette, vende• turn the hose on the fire!15) gjøre, få til å bli17) bli sur, surne, få til å bli sur, få til å surne18) krumme, bøye19) avverge, avvende, avlede, lede bort20) fylle år, passereklokken er litt over tre, klokken har nettop slått tre22) sende bort, vise bort, jage bort23) helle (opp), tappe (opp)25) ( hverdagslig) tjene penger26) (om tidevann, vind e.l.) vende, snu• when does the tide turn?27) vri seg, kantrelykken snudde seg, og han mistet alt han eide29) bliværet klarner opp, det blir fint vær30) vri, vrikke, forstue31) bli kvalm, gjøre kvalm32) ( om klesplagg) vrenge33) henvende seg til, gå tileven a worm will turn se ➢ worm, 1have something turned down få noe avslåttmake one's stomach turn over se ➢ stomach, 1turn about snu, vende (vri) og vende på la bytte plass, bytte om på snu seg rundt, vende seg rundt, gjøre helt om• turn about!helt om!, helomvending!turn a film se ➢ film, 1turn against vende seg motsette opp motturn a hand to se ➢ hand, 1turn around (amer.) forberede et fartøy eller et fly for en returreise ( overført) foreta en snuoperasjon med• the company was turned around from its previous bad performance to become very successfulturn aside gå til side, vike unna vende seg bort ta av, svinge av, kjøre inn på en sidevei avvikeavvende, avvergeavlede, gi en annen retningturn away vende seg bort, snu seg bortvende bort, vri bortjage bort, sende bort, vise bort, avviseutvise, avskjedige avverge, avvendesnu og gå sin vei, gå sin veiturn back drive tilbake, slå tilbakevise tilbake, avvisevende (og gå) tilbake, vende (om), snukomme tilbake gå tilbake, bla tilbakebrette tilbaketurn back on gå tilbake på, bryteturn down brette ned, slå nedbrette innbrette tilbakeskru ned• please turn down the volume?kan du være så snill å skru ned lyden? avvise, forkaste, avslåbli kjent stridsudyktigstille seg avvisende til legge (et spillkort) med bildesiden ned vende ned(over), bøye ned(over), sige ned(over)turn down into svinge inn påturn from vende seg bort fra forlateturn in brette inn, bøye inn, folde innvende inn, være vendt innover, være innoverbøydsende inn, levere inn, sende tilbake, levere tilbakebytte innbytte inn bilen sin mot en ny prestere, frembringe, komme medangi, forrådeoverlevere, overgita av, svinge inn, kjøre inn( landbruk) pløye ned ( sjøfart) tørne inn, gå av vakt ( hverdagslig) krype til køys, gå og legge seg ( hverdagslig) gi opp• turn it in!hold opp (med det der)!, kutt ut (det der)!turn in\/upon oneself trekke seg inn i seg selv, bli innadvendt (være nødt til å) stole på seg selvturn in one's grave se ➢ grave, 1turn into gjøre til, forvandle(s) til, gjøre om, bli tilomsette ivende tilhan vendte sin ulykke til en spøk oversette til, gjengi• can you turn the text into good English?gå over til, snu til, vendes til, slå over i, slå omsvinge inn på, slå inn påturn it up hold opp (med det der)turn loose sette frislippe utturn low skru nedturn off skru av, slå av, stenge (av)• turn off the radio!avskjedige avvise svinge av (fra), ta av (fra)avlede, lede bort, avlede oppmerksomheten fra slå bort, avvende, avverge, parereprestere, frembringe, produsere, tilvirke, riste ut av ermet ( hverdagslig) frastøte, avskrekke, avsky, virke motbydelig på, vekke avsky(få til å) miste lysten, få til å miste interessenturn on vri på, skru på, sette pådreie seg om, handle omavhenge av, stå og falle på, hvile påvende seg mot, gå løs på(få til å) tenne, (få til å) vekke begeistring for( hverdagslig) tenne (på), bli kåt påturn one's back (up)on somebody\/somethingse ➢ back, 1turn one's coat se ➢ coat, 1turn one's eyes from se ➢ eye, 1turn one's stomach se ➢ stomach, 1turn on one's heel se ➢ heel, 1turn on the charm se ➢ charmturn out bøye (seg) utover, vende utover, være bøyd nedover, være vendt nedoverslokke, slå avprodusere, fremstille, frembringe, tilvirke( om skole) utdanneslippe utslippe ut på beite, sette på beitekaste ut, jage ut, vise bortfjerne, avskjedigeutelukke, ekskludere( britisk) rydde, tømme( matlaging) hvelve, tømme, hellemøte frem, møte opp, troppe opp, stille opp( spesielt militærvesen) rykke ut, stille (seg) opp ( sjøfart) purre, tørne ut( hverdagslig) stå opp få et visst utfall, falle ut, ende, gå, bli, utvikle seg, forløpe segvise seg å være• he was, as it turned out, a charming persondet viste seg, tross alt, at han var en sjarmerende personekvipere, utstyreturn over vende (på), snu (på)snu opp ned på vende på seg, snu seg, vende seg over på den andre siden• please turn over!se neste side!, bla om!velte (over ende), kaste over ende, (få til å) kantre( om omkobler e.l.) slå om overlate, overdrajobben ble overlatt til en annen (mann) overlevere, overgiMartin overgav skurken til politiet, Martin meldte skurken til politiet( handel) omsette• they turn over £10,000 a weekde omsetter for mer enn £10 000 pr. uke gå overfundere på noe, tenke over noeturn round vende (med), velte (med) dreie på, vende på, vri påvende seg om, snu seggå rundt, dreie rundtslå om, endre oppfatning• you help him and then he turns round and treats you like that!du er hyggelig og hjelper ham, og så behandler han deg på den måten!svinge( sjøfart) ekspedere• they turned round a ship, they turned a ship roundde ekspederte et skip, de losset og lastet et skipturn someone off something få noen til å miste interessen for noeturn someone on tenne noen, gjøre noen (seksuelt) opphissetturn someone on to do something sette noen til å gjøre noeturn someone's head se ➢ head, 1turn the other cheek se ➢ cheek, 1turn the wrong side out se ➢ side, 1turn to vende seg mot, snu seg mothenvende seg til, vende seg tilsøke tilflukt hos, ty tilgå til, slå opp igå over tilslå seg på, vie seg til, slå inn påvende, snubli til, forvandles til sette i gang, gå i gang, ta fattturn towards vende seg motturn up brette opp, slå opplegge oppvende oppover, være vendt oppover, være bøyd oppover være oppbrettet skru oppskru opp volumet, skru opp lydentenne på, skru oppslå opp( i kortspill) lette (et kort) med billedsiden opp, vende opp, snu ( landbruk) pløye opp ( også overført) grave frem, grave opp dukke opp, komme (til rette), innfinne segkomme for dagen, komme frem, vise seg by segoppstå, inntreffe( handel) øke, få et oppsving ( hverdagslig) gjøre kvalm, ekle, få til å vende seg i magen påoppgiturn upon dreie seg om, handle om avhenge av vende seg mot, gå løs påturn up rough bråke, begynne å bråketurn where one will hvor man enn snur segwhatever turns you on ( hverdagslig) hver sin lyst, hver sin smak, du får gjøre som du vil• snakeskin boots! Well, whatever turns you on...slangeskinnsstøvler! Ja, ja hver sin smak...
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